Pike Research » Clean Transportation

Fuel Cell Vehicles

Matt LeBeau — Tue, 23 Feb 2010 05:49:27 +0000

For a decade or more, Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs) have been touted as the “next big thing” in automobiles. Now, with fleets of FCVs in the hundreds and the increasing utilization of fuel cells in commercial vehicles, it appears that the FCV may be on the verge of commercialization by mid-decade. With substantial support from the largest automakers, the pressure is on gas companies and governments to make sure that hydrogen fueling stations are available to support this emerging market. Pike Research forecasts that fuel cell transit buses will be at the vanguard of the FCV movement, with sales growing at a compound annual growth rate of 31.7% by 2015. Fuel cell light vehicles will be commercially launched in 2014 in most regions of the world, and their sales will reach almost 670,000 vehicles per year by 2020.

This Pike Research report provides an overview of the current state of fuel cell technology as it moves towards commercialization in light vehicles, medium/heavy duty trucks, and buses. The report examines fuel cell technologies, hydrogen as a fuel, and key drivers of market development for FCVs. Detailed forecasts are provided for global research and development spending, fuel cell transit buses, fuel cell light vehicle production and sales, and revenue from FCV sales. Key market players are also profiled.

Key questions addressed:

What is the size of current FCV programs, and which manufacturers are currently testing FCVs?
What are the key technological aspects of current FCV programs?
When are fuel cell vehicles going to be available to the general public and how will the vehicles be commercialized?
How fast will the fuel cell transit bus market grow?
What are the key technologies in fuel cells and hydrogen storage?
How will government programs help to develop the FCV market?
What are the key drivers for the commercialization of FCVs?
Who are the key industry players in the FCV market?

Who needs this report?

OEM Automaker R&D Managers
OEM Vehicle Marketing Managers
Vehicle Component Suppliers
Hydrogen Pump and Infrastructure Companies
Hydrogen Gas Suppliers
Battery Manufacturers
Government Environmental Agencies
Government Transportation Agencies
Environmental Transportation Advocacy Groups
Vehicle Trade Associations
Investor Community

1. Executive Summary

2. Market Issues

2.1 History

2.2 Vehicle Development

2.2.1 Demonstration Light Vehicle Programs

2.2.2 Bus and Medium/Heavy-Duty Truck Programs

2.3 Current Market Opportunities

2.3.1 Commercializing Fuel Cells

2.3.1.1 The Automakers’ Letter of Understanding

2.3.2 Environmental Benefits

2.3.2.1 Hydrogen Production

2.3.2.2 Greening of Fleets

2.3.2.3 Fuel Cell Longevity

2.4 Fuel Cell Costs and Profitability

2.5 Infrastructure Issues

2.6 Competing Technologies

2.6.1 Alternate Fuel Sources

2.6.2 Plug-in Hybrids and Battery Electric Vehicles

2.7 Government Impact on Fuel Cell Development

2.7.1 Infrastructure Incentives

3. Technology Issues

3.1 Hydrogen Fuel Cells

3.1.1 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane

3.2 Hydrogen Storage

3.2.1 Emerging Storage Technologies

3.2.2 Drivetrain Designs

4. Key Industry Players

4.1 OEMs

4.1.1 Daimler AG

4.1.2 Fiat/Chrysler Corp.

4.1.3 Ford Motor Company

4.1.4 General Motors

4.1.5 Hyundai Motor Company

4.1.6 Honda

4.1.7 ISE Corporation

4.1.8 Nissan

4.1.9 PSA Peugeot Citroen

4.1.10 Proterra, LLC

4.1.11 Toyota Motor Corporation

4.1.12 Volkswagen

4.2 Suppliers

4.2.1 Air Products

4.2.2 Automotive Fuel Cell Cooperation

4.2.3 Ballard Power Systems

4.2.4 H2 Logic

4.2.5 Hydrogenics Corporation

4.2.6 Intelligent Energy

4.2.7 Linde

4.2.8 Nuvera Fuel Cells

4.2.9 Praxair Technology Inc

4.2.10 UTC Power

5. Market Forecasts

5.1 Fuel Cell Vehicle Research and Development Spending Forecast: 2009-2016

5.2 Fuel Cell Transit Bus Sales

5.2.1 Asia-Pacific Fuel Cell Bus Sales/p>

5.3 Fuel Cell Vehicle Production

5.4 Annual Fuel Cell Light Vehicle Sales

5.5 Fuel Cell Vehicle Revenue Forecast

5.6 Summary and Conclusions

6. Company Directory

7. Acronym and Abbreviation List

8. Table of Contents

9. Table of Figures

10. Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

FC Light Vehicle Sales, World Markets: 2013-2020
FC Transit Buses, World Markets: 2009-2016
FCV Research and Development Spending, World Markets: 2009-2016
FC Transit Bus Sales, North America, Western Europe, Asia Pacific: 2009-2016
FC Transit Bus Sales, Asia-Pacific: 2009-2016
FC Light Vehicle Production, World Markets: 2009-2016
FC Light Vehicle Sales, World Markets: 2013-2020
FC Light Vehicle Revenue, World Markets: 2013-2020
Total CO2 Emissions per 1 km of Driving, 2005
Incremental OEM Cost for Vehicle Technologies
Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) Fuel Cell Diagram
Types of FCs
General Motors GEN2 FCS Fuel Cell Comparison

List of Tables

FCV Programs: 2010
Annual Growth in FCV Research and Development Spending, World Markets: 2009-2016
Annual FCV R&D Spending, World Markets: 2009-2016
Annual Growth in FC Transit Buses, World Markets: 2009-2016
FC Transit Buses, World Markets: 2009-2016
Annual Growth in Total FCV (Light Duty Car and Truck) Production, World Markets: 2009-2016
Annual FCV (Light Duty Car and Truck) Production, World Markets: 2009-2016
Annual Growth in Total FCV (Light Duty Car and Truck) Sales, World Markets: 2013-2020
Annual FCV (Light Duty Car and Truck) Sales, World Markets: 2013-2020
Annual Growth in Total FCV (Light Duty Car and Truck) Revenue, World Markets: 2013-2020
Annual FCV (Light Duty Car and Truck) Revenue, World Markets: 2013-2020

Electric Two-Wheel Vehicles

Matt LeBeau — Fri, 12 Feb 2010 04:56:07 +0000

Electric bicycles and electric scooters have seen substantial growth in sales around the world in recent years, while outside China, the electric motorcycle market remains in the early adopter stage. China’s market for e-bikes and e-motorcycles dwarfs demand from all other regions combined, and consists of 98% of the global market. While demographics, social and economic forces align to encourage market growth of e-bikes and e-scooters, a lack of a well-defined retail channel hampers faster adoption in North America and Europe. The worldwide electric two-wheel vehicle market is expected grow at a compound annual rate of 9% through 2016.

This Pike Research report provides an overview of the global market for electric motorcycles, electric scooters, and electric bicycles. The report provides a comprehensive overview of the battery technology, key opportunities and barriers, and key drivers of market growth. The study explores the demographic and economic forces that impact the growth of electric two-wheel vehicles. Detailed forecasts are included for electric motorcycles, electric scooters and electric bikes in different global regions. Key market players are also profiled.

Key questions addressed:

What are the demographic and social trends that impact the e-bike, e-scooter and e-motorcycle markets?
What is the market growth rate in the different electric two-wheel vehicle segments?
How are e-bikes, e-scooters, and e-motorcycles typically sold?
What regions are seeing the most growth in e-bikes, e-scooters, and e-motorcycles?
What are the key technologies used in batteries and drivetrains for electric two-wheel vehicles?
What are the differences in battery chemistries used in electric bicycles?
Are there government programs that impact the electric two wheel vehicle marketplace?
What are the key drivers for the e-bikes, e-scooters, and e-motorcycles demand?
How is the definition of electric bicycles different from electric scooters and motorcycles?
What is the expected revenue for the electric bicycle market?
Who are the key industry players in the electric bicycle, electric scooter, and electric motorcycle markets?

Who needs this report?

OEM Bicycle, Scooter, or Motorcycle Marketing Managers
OEM Powersports Marketing Managers
Powersports Component Suppliers
Battery Manufacturers
Electric Vehicle Retailers
Government Environmental Agencies
Government Transportation Agencies
Environmental Transportation Advocacy Groups
Bicycle Trade Associations
Utility Managers
Investors

1. Executive Summary

2. Market Issues

2.1 Definition

2.1.1 North America

2.1.2 Europe

2.1.3 Asia-Pacific

2.2 Current Market Opportunities

2.2.1 Demographics

2.2.1.1 North America

2.2.1.2 Asia-Pacific

2.2.1.3 Middle East/Africa

2.2.2 Fitness Assistance

2.2.3 Rising Wealth and Urbanization of the Developing World

2.2.4 Bicycles and Scooters as Transportation

2.2.5 Performance and Costs

2.2.6 Hybridization of Gas Scooters and Motorcycles

2.2.7 New Competition for Electric Vehicle Manufacturers

2.2.8 Specialty Uses

2.3 Current Market Barriers

2.3.1 Availability of Products

2.3.2 Distribution Channels

2.3.3 Relationship between Gas Prices and Scooter Demand

2.3.4 Impact of Traditional Vehicle Markets on Electric Two-Wheel Vehicles

2.4 Government Policies

2.5 Servicing Electric Two-Wheel Vehicles

3. Technology Issues

3.1 Battery Technology

3.2 E-Bike Throttle and Motor Design

3.3 Future Technology

4. Key Industry Players

4.1 Brammo Inc

4.2 Currie Technologies

4.3 e-Moto LLC

4.4 EVTAmerica

4.5 eZee Bikes Inc

4.6 American Honda Motor Company

4.7 Oxygen S.p.A.

4.8 Piaggio Group

4.9 Quantya, LLC

4.10 Vectrix Electrics

4.11 Veken USA, LLC

4.12 Xtreme Green Products Inc

4.13 ZAP

4.14 Zero Motorcycles Inc

5. Market Forecasts

5.1 Global Electric Two-Wheel Vehicle Sales Forecast: 2009-2016

5.2 Electric Bicycle Sales Forecast: 2009-2016

5.2.1 Electric Bicycle Market Revenue Forecast: 2009-2016

5.3 Electric Scooter Sales Forecast: 2009-2016

5.4 Electric Motorcycle Sales Forecast: 2009-2016

5.5 Summary and Conclusions

6. Company Directory

7. Acronym and Abbreviation List

8. Table of Contents

9. Table of Charts and Figures

10. Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

Annual Electric Two-Wheel Vehicle Sales, WM Excluding Asia-Pacific: 2009-2016
Population Age 15 to 64, World Markets: 2010-2015
Historical Electric Bicycle Sales Growth, China: 2005-2010
Historical Gasoline Prices and Scooter Sales, United States: 2005-2010E
Annual Electric Two-Wheel Vehicle Sales, WM Excluding Asia Pacific: 2009-2016
Annual Electric Bicycle Sales, World Markets: 2009-2016
Annual Electric Bicycle Sales, World Markets Excluding Asia-Pacific: 2009-2016
Annual Electric Bicycle Revenue, World Markets: 2009-2016
Annual Electric Scooter Sales, North America, Latin America, Europe: 2009-2016
Annual Electric Motorcycle Sales, World Markets: 2009-2016
Annual Electric Motorcycle Sales, World Markets Excluding Asia Pacific: 2009-2016
Examples of Electric Two-Wheel Vehicles
Comparison of Electric and Gas-Powered Two- Wheel Vehicles

List of Tables

Annual Growth in Electric Bicycles, World Markets: 2009-2016
Annual Electric Bicycle Sales, World Markets: 2009-2016
Annual Growth in Electric Scooters, World Markets: 2009-2016
Annual Electric Scooter Sales, World Markets: 2009-2016
Annual Electric Scooter and Motorcycle Sales Combined, World Markets: 2009-2016
Annual Growth in Electric Motorcycles, World Markets: 2009-2016
Annual Electric Motorcycle Sales, World Markets: 2009-2016
Annual Growth in Electric Two-Wheel Vehicles, World Markets: 2009-2016
Annual Electric Two-Wheel Vehicles Sales, World Markets: 2009-2016
Annual Growth in Electric Bicycle Revenue, World Markets: 2009-2016
Annual Electric Bicycle Revenue, World Markets: 2009-2016

Electric Vehicles: 10 Predictions for 2010

Matt LeBeau — Thu, 17 Dec 2009 02:16:34 +0000

The electric vehicle (EV) revolution will see hundreds of thousands of electric vehicles on roadways within five years. This will have obvious impacts on the automotive industry, utilities and consumers, but deeper analysis reveals trends that will reshape the way vehicles are built and used. By looking beyond the market data, we have identified 10 key trends to watch out for as the EV market takes shape.

Pike Research’s “10 Predictions for 2010″ white paper explores hot topics including the true cost of owning an EV versus a gasoline vehicle, key challenges facing OEMs as they prepare for the mainstream launch of PHEVs, the role of Lithium Ion batteries, and utility grid infrastructure upgrades that will be required to support the adoption of EVs. Conclusions and predictions in this paper are drawn from our in-depth coverage of the Clean Transportation industry, and market forecasts are included for key sectors.

This white paper is published in partnership with HybridCars.com. Click here to sign up for the free HybridCars.com email newsletter.

What Does This Report Answer?

When will Vehicle to Grid services take off?
Will plug-in and electric vehicles cause a reduction in demand for hybrids?
How will the plug-in hybrid market evolve?
Which region of the world will dominate the production and use of electric vehicles?
What is the grid’s weak link in meeting the power demand of EVs?

Who Needs This Report?

Automotive industry
Fleet managers
Battery suppliers
Stationary energy storage suppliers
State and federal legislators
Smart grid companies

1. Introduction

2. 10 Predictions for 2010

3. Additional Reading

4. Sources and Methodology

List of Figures

Cost per Mile Driven: Gasoline vs. Battery Power
HEV, PHEV, and EV Sales, World Markets: 2012
Hybrid Electric Vehicle Sales, World Markets: 2010-2015
Average Consumer Miles Driven per Day
Li-ion Battery Cost per kWh, World Markets: 2008-2015
Electric Vehicle Sales, Asia Pacific and Rest of World: 2010-2015
Charging Station Unit Sales, North America: 2010-2015
Example of Evening Charging

Electric Vehicle Batteries

Matt LeBeau — Thu, 03 Dec 2009 01:17:18 +0000

The automotive industry will launch dozens of new plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles as it begins the gradual process of moving away from petroleum based fuels and towards battery power. These vehicles will rely almost exclusively on lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries, while hybrid vehicles will slowly switch from nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) technology. However, Li-ion batteries today increase the cost of vehicles by 30 to 50 percent, which limits the attractiveness of the vehicles.

The initial market for electric vehicles will be largely dependent on government subsidies and incentives; significant reductions in battery cost are seen as a requirement for the industry to grow to the nearly $8 billion market that Pike Research forecasts by 2015. Japan, which has been a leader in batteries for hybrid vehicles, is likely to continue to play a leading role, while China, Korea and Japan are also likely to all be significant suppliers of electric vehicle batteries. There are currently more than a half dozen battery chemistries with unique properties for power, energy density and life cycle performance that are being commercialized, but Pike Research anticipates a consolidation in the market.

This Pike Research report outlines the critical role that governments around the globe will play in establishing the electric vehicle market, and the challenges that manufacturers face in creating an industry that will be able to stand on its own as government influence diminishes. We examine the key market drivers for the electrification of vehicles and the potential for batteries to participate in vehicle to grid services, and the impact on declining battery production costs on vehicle sales and the resale of batteries after their useful life in vehicles.

Key questions addressed:

What are the key drivers of growth in the electric vehicle battery market?
What are the key limiting factors in growing the electric vehicle battery market?
How many batteries will be installed in plug-in hybrids, electric vehicles and hybrids?
How quickly will batteries be used in vehicle to grid applications?
What are the leading lithium ion battery chemistries and how do they differ?
Will there be sufficient lithium to supply the expected growth in electric vehicle batteries?

Who needs this report?

Vehicle manufacturers
Automotive industry suppliers
Fleet managers
Battery suppliers
Stationary energy storage suppliers
Government agencies
Smart grid companies
Renewable energy companies
Investor community

1. Executive Summary

2. Market Issues

2.1 Defining Advanced Batteries for the Transportation Market

2.2 Market Size and Segmentation

2.2.1 Electric Vehicles

2.2.2 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2.2.3 Plug-in Hybrid Conversions

2.2.4 Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2.2.5 Power and Energy Requirements

2.3 Industry Growth Drivers

2.3.1 Government Incentives

2.3.1.1 United States

2.4 Europe

2.5 China

2.6 Emission Regulations and Fuel Economy Mandates

2.6.1 New Financing Models

2.6.2 Energy Storage

2.6.2.1 Vehicle-to-Grid Delivery

2.7 Early Adopters

2.7.1 Fleets

2.7.1.1 Utilities

3. Marketing and Commercialization

3.1 Cost

3.2 Capacity

3.3 Charge/Discharge Rate

3.4 Calendar/Cycle Life

3.5 Safety

4. Technology Issues

4.1 Competing Battery Technologies

4.1.1 Nickel Metal Hydride

4.1.2 Lithium Ion

4.1.3 Ultracapacitors

4.2 Strengths and Weaknesses

4.2.1 NiMH

4.2.2 Li-ion

4.2.2.1 Li-ion Chemistries

4.3 Access to Lithium

4.4 Implementation Issues

4.4.1 Battery Charging Level

4.4.1.1 Battery Swapping Stations

4.4.2 Battery Charging Level

4.5 Recycling

5. Market Forecasts

5.1 Global Electrified Vehicle Market

5.2 Global Li-ion Battery Market

5.3 North America

5.4 Europe

5.5 Asia-Pacific

5.6 Middle East and Africa

6. Key Industry Players

6.1 Battery Manufacturers

6.1.1 A123 Systems

6.1.2 Altair Nanotechnologies

6.1.3 SB LiMotive/Cobasys

6.1.4 EnerDel

6.1.5 Johnson Controls-Saft

6.1.6 LG Chem/Compact Power

6.1.7 Maxwell Technologies

6.1.8 Panasonic EV Energy

6.1.9 Valence Technology

6.2 Battery Customers

6.2.1 3Prong Power

6.2.2 Better Place

6.2.3 BMW/Mini

6.2.4 Chinese Manufacturers: BYD, Chery

6.2.5 Chrysler

6.2.6 Daimler

6.2.7 Ford Motor Co

6.2.8 General Motors

6.2.9 Mitsubishi

6.2.10 Nissan/Renault

6.2.11 Pat’s Garage

6.2.12 Plug-In Conversions Corporation

6.2.13 PSA Peugeot/Citroen

6.2.14 Toyota Motor Corporation

6.2.15 Volkswagen

7. Company Directory

8. Acronym and Abbreviation List

9. Table of Contents

10. Table of Charts and Figures

11. Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

PHEV/EV Models 2010-2012 by Battery Chemistry
Li-ion Battery Sales by Region, World Markets: 2010-2015
Total Hybrid Fleet Sales (HEV and PHEV), World Markets: 2007-2015
High-Energy Li-ion Battery Estimated Cost Components
Total Electrified Vehicle Sales by Category, World Markets: 2010-2015
Total Lithium Ion Transportation Battery Revenue, World Markets: 2010-2015
Li-ion Manufacturing Steps and Opportunities for Cost Reduction

List of Tables

Electrified Vehicles as Percentage of Total Market Production
Vehicle Roadmap for Plug-in Hybrid and Electric Vehicles, World Markets: 2009-2012
Hybrid Electric Vehicle Sales by Region, World Markets: 2009-2015
Vehicle Battery Capacities, Select HEV and PHEV Models
U.S. Department of Energy Stimulus Grants for Battery Manufacturing
Cost per Mile Driven: Gasoline versus Battery Power
Lithium Ion Batteries for Energy Storage (Installed MW), World Markets: 2008-2018
Requirements for PHEV Battery Commercialization
Li-ion Battery Cost (per kWh)
Comparison of Battery Technologies
Battery Technology Strengths and Weaknesses
Characteristics of Li-ion Battery Chemistries
Battery Chemistry Adoption
Battery Charging Levels

Natural Gas Vehicles

Clint Wheelock — Sat, 17 Oct 2009 23:34:24 +0000

Natural Gas Vehicle technology is widely available and has been available for purchase in most regions of the world for decades. Governments, fleet managers, and private consumers are recognizing the environmental benefits of lower emissions from NGVs. However, lack of refueling infrastructure has caused NGV demand to stagnate in many countries. In regions where NGVs have strong market performance, adoption is largely due to a combination of inexpensive natural gas, a large number of existing refueling stations, and government subsidies of vehicles, fuel, and infrastructure.

Our assessment of the NGV market points to strong growth in regions where the infrastructure is already supported, which include parts of Europe, Latin America, and the Middle East. Pike Research anticipates growing acceptance of NGVs as governments approve climate change treaties and energy security legislation. These factors will contribute to NGV sales growth of 5.5% annually by 2015, though some regions will see growth stunted by greater political support for other transportation alternatives such as electric vehicles, clean diesels, and biofuels.

This Pike Research report provides an overview of the opportunities and challenges to NGV light-duty cars, trucks, and medium/heavy duty trucks. The report includes a comprehensive assessment of compressed and liquefied natural gas (CNG/LNG) vehicle technologies, including tanks and engine modifications. It also examines key drivers of market growth by fleet customers as well as private consumers. Detailed forecasts are provided for the global vehicle market, global NGV fleet and private consumer sales, NGV refueling stations, and NGV sales by vehicle segments. Key market players are also profiled.

Key questions addressed:

What vehicle segments are available as NGVs?
What is the outlook for NGV growth within vehicle segments?
What are the key storage tank and engine technologies used in NGVs?
How many NGV refueling stations are there?
How big are NGV markets and how large are these markets expected to grow?
What are the key drivers of growth in the NGV market?
Who are the key industry players in the NGV market?

Who needs this report?

OEM Vehicle Marketing Managers
NGV Conversion/Upfitter Companies
Vehicle Component Suppliers
Storage Tank Manufacturers
Natural Gas Mining Companies
Natural Gas Utilities
Natural Gas Pipeline and/or Shipping Companies
Biogas (Landfill Gas) Producers
Government Environmental Agencies
Government Transportation Agencies
Environmental Transportation Advocacy Groups
Vehicle Trade Associations
Investor Community

1. Executive Summary

2. Market Issues

2.1 History

2.2 Light Vehicles

2.3 Medium- and Heavy-Duty Trucks/Buses

2.4 Refilling Infrastructure Availability

2.5 Regional Markets

2.5.1 United States/Canada Consumer Market

2.5.2 North American Fleet Market

2.5.3 Latin American Market

2.5.4 European Market

2.5.5 Africa/Middle East Market

2.5.6 Asia Pacific Market

2.6 Current Market Opportunities and Barriers

2.6.1 Private Ownership

2.6.2 Conversion versus Original Equipment NGVs

2.6.3 Cost/Benefit Analysis

2.6.3.1 Fuel Costs

2.6.3.2 Performance versus Diesel/Gasoline Engines

2.7 Competing Technologies

2.7.1 Other Alternative Fuels

2.7.2 Hydrogen

2.7.3 Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Technologies

2.7.4 Fuel Cell Advancements

2.8 CNG/LNG Handling Training Issues

3. Technology Issues

3.1 Chemical Characteristics of Natural Gas

3.1.1 Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)

3.1.2 Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)

3.1.3 Biogas

3.2 NGV Engines

3.2.1 Dedicated Mono-Fuel Engines

3.2.2 Bi-Fuel Engines

3.2.3 Dual-Fuel Engines

3.3 Refueling Technology

3.3.1 CNG Refueling

3.3.2 LNG Refueling

3.4 Mining Natural Gas

3.4.1 Transportation of Fuel

3.5 Safety Issues

3.5.1 On-Vehicle Storage Tanks

4. Demand Drivers

4.1 Market-Based Demand

4.1.1 Greening of Corporate Fleets

4.1.2 Relationship between Alternative Fuel Demand and Gas/Diesel Prices

4.1.3 Global Warming and Peak Oil Awareness

4.1.4 T. Boone Pickens’ Impact on the NGV Market

4.2 Government Emissions Regulations

4.2.1 United States

4.2.1.1 CAFE Standards

4.2.1.2 EPA Regulations

4.2.2 Canada

4.2.3 Latin America

4.2.4 Europe

4.2.5 China

4.2.6 India

4.2.7 Japan

4.3 Government Incentives

4.3.1 United States

4.3.2 Canada

4.3.3 Europe

4.3.4 Japan

4.3.5 China

4.3.6 Other Regulatory Incentives

5. Key Industry Players

5.1 Original Equipment Manufacturers

5.1.1 Fiat

5.1.2 Ford Motor Co.

5.1.3 General Motors

5.1.4 Honda

5.1.5 Hyundai Motor Co.

5.1.6 Renault

5.1.7 Toyota Motor Corp.

5.1.8 Volkswagen

5.2 Heavy-Duty Trucks/Buses

5.2.1 Capacity of Texas, Inc.

5.2.2 Cummins Westport Inc. (Joint Venture)

5.2.3 Emissions Solutions Inc.

5.2.4 Foton

5.2.5 Freightliner

5.2.6 Iveco

5.2.7 Navistar/International Truck and Engine Corp.

5.2.8 Volvo

5.2.9 Westport

5.3 Key Suppliers/NGV Converters

5.3.1 Advanced Fuels Technologies, Pty Ltd.

5.3.2 Altech-Eco Corp.

5.3.3 BAF Technologies

5.3.4 Baytech Corp.

5.3.5 The Bosch Group

5.3.6 Clean Energy Fuels Corp.

5.3.7 FAB Industries

5.3.8 Fuel Systems Solutions, Inc.

5.3.9 Juniper Engines, Inc.

5.3.10 Kraus Global

5.3.11 Magneti Marelli

5.3.12 OMBL SpA

5.3.13 Prins Autogassystemen BV

6. Market Forecasts

6.1 Global Vehicle Sales Forecast: 2006-2015

6.1.1 North America

6.1.2 Latin America

6.1.3 Europe

6.1.4 Asia Pacific

6.1.5 Africa/Middle East

6.2 Global Natural Gas Vehicles Forecast: 2008-2015

6.2.1 North America

6.2.2 Latin America

6.2.3 Europe

6.2.4 Asia Pacific

6.2.5 Africa/Middle East

6.3 NGV Refueling Station Forecast

6.4 Fleet versus Private Owner NGV Sales Forecast, North America

6.5 NGV Sales by Vehicle Segment, North America

6.6 Summary and Conclusions

7. Company Directory

8. Acronym and Abbreviation List

9. Table of Contents

10. Table of Charts and Figures

11. Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

Total NGV Sales (Including Conversions), World Markets: 2008-2015
NGV Refueling Stations, World Markets: 2008-2015
Total Vehicle Sales, World Markets: 2007-2015
Total Vehicle Sales, North America: 2007-2015
Total Vehicle Sales, Latin America: 2007-2015
Total Vehicle Sales, Europe: 2007-2015
Total Vehicle Sales, Asia Pacific: 2007-2015
Total Vehicle Sales, Africa/Middle East: 2007-2015
NGV Sales (Including Conversions), World Markets: 2008-2015
NGV Sales (Including Conversions), North America: 2008-2015
NGV Sales (Including Conversions), Latin America: 2008-2015
NGV Sales (Including Conversions), Europe: 2008-2015
NGV Sales (Including Conversions), Asia Pacific: 2008-2015
NGV Sales (Including Conversions), Africa/Middle East: 2008-2015
NGV Refueling Station Forecast, World Markets: 2008-2015
NGV Sales Fleet versus Private Owner, North America: 2008-2015
NGV Sales by Segment, North America: 2015
Bi-Fuel Vehicle Diagram
Natural Gas Pipeline Capacity, United States
Natural Gas Pipelines, Europe and Middle East
Peak Oil Curve, World Oil Production and Various Forecasts: 1940-2050
NGV Stations by State, United States: 2009
Natural Gas Refueling Stations by Province, Canada: 2009
Natural Gas Conversion Cost Recovery for Heavy-Duty Truck Example
Cost of Natural Gas Compared to Other Fuels
Properties of Natural Gas Compared to Other Fuels
Demand Drivers for NGV Market

List of Tables

Annual Growth in Total Vehicle Sales, World Markets: 2007-2015
Total Vehicle Sales, World Markets: 2007-2015
Annual Growth Rate of Fleet Sales by Region, World Markets: 2007-2015
Total Fleet Sales by Region, World Markets: 2007-2015
Annual Growth in NGV Sales, World Markets: 2007-2015
Total NGV Sales (Including Conversions), World Markets: 2008-2015
Annual Growth in Private NGV Sales, World Markets: 2007-2015
Private NGV Sales (Including Conversions), World Markets: 2008-2015
Annual Growth in Fleet NGV Sales, World Markets: 2007-2015
Fleet NGV Sales (Including Conversions), World Markets: 2008-2015
Annual Growth in NGVs, World Markets: 2008-2015
Total NGVs, World Markets: 2008-2015
Annual Growth in NG Refilling Stations, World Markets: 2008-2015
Natural Gas Refilling Stations, World Markets: 2008-2015
Annual Growth in NGVs, World Markets: 2008-2015
NGVs by Vehicle Segment, World Markets: 2008-2015
Bus Fleet by State, United States: 2008
Bus Fleets by Region, United States: 2008-2015
Top 30 Natural Gas Fleets, United States: 2008
Top 30 Fleets, United States: 2008

Electric Vehicle Consumer Survey

Clint Wheelock — Mon, 07 Sep 2009 23:44:18 +0000

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are considered by many in the United States to be one of the highest-potential emerging consumer product categories of the next few years. A number of leaders in both industry and government are looking to PHEVs to take the automotive market to its next stage of evolution, building on the success of hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and potentially creating a bridge to the full electrification of the automobile. The key selling point of PHEVs is their dramatically improved fuel economy over standard gasoline vehicles that are based on internal combustion engines. This efficiency is expected to drive further benefits in the form of carbon emissions reduction and lesser dependence on foreign oil. Pike Research forecasts that more than 600,000 PHEVs will be sold in the U.S. by 2015, following their market introduction in 2010.

In order to assess the dynamics of consumer demand for PHEVs and their associated electrical charging infrastructure, Pike Research conducted a web-based survey of 1,041 U.S. consumers in 2Q 2009 using a nationally representative and demographically balanced sample. The survey found that the majority of U.S. consumers have driving patterns that are consistent with the capabilities of first-generation PHEVs, and fundamental interest in the category is strong, with 48% stating that they would be extremely or very interested in a PHEV with a 40-mile range. Interest in fast charging outlets was likewise strong, though consumers’ willingness to pay for these outlets is out of line with industry expectations.

This report provides a detailed analysis and interpretation of Pike Research’s consumer survey on PHEVs, fast charging outlets, and workplace, public, and private charging stations. The report includes an examination of topline interest in these categories, along with willingness to pay and other key attitudes and preferences related to PHEVs. The results are segmented and analyzed to assess varying levels of demand among different demographic and behavioral groups.

Key product categories analyzed:

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Residential Fast Charging Outlets
Workplace Charging Stations
Public Charging Stations
Private Charging Stations

Consumer segments analyzed:

Driving patterns and preferences
Green consumer behavioral segments
Demographic segments: age, gender, income, education

1. Executive Summary

1.1 Introduction and Overview

1.2 Interest in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

1.3 Vehicle Charging Infrastructure

2. Driver Profiles

2.1 Vehicle Ownership

2.2 Average Miles Driven per Day

2.3 Importance of Fuel Efficiency in Vehicle Purchase Decisions

3. Interest in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

3.1 Overall Interest in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

3.2 PHEV Interest by Green Consumer Behavioral Segment

3.3 PHEV Interest by Demographic Segment

3.4 Willingness to Pay a Premium Price for PHEVs

3.5 Reasons for Lack of Interest in PHEVs

4. Vehicle Charging Infrastructure

4.1 Interest in Residential Fast Charging Outlets

4.2 Willingness to Pay for Residential Fast Charging Outlets

4.3 Importance of Access to Charging Stations

5. Table of Contents

6. Table of Charts and Figures

7. Scope of Study, Survey Methodology

List of Charts and Figures

Consumer Interest in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Vehicle Ownership: All Respondents
Average Miles Driven per Day
Importance of Fuel Efficiency in Considering Next Vehicle Purchase
Interest in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles with a 40-Mile Range per Charge
Interest in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles by Green Consumer Behavior Segment
Interest in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles by Demographic Segment
Willingness to Pay a Premium Price for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Reasons for Lack of Interest in Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Interest in Residential Fast Charging Outlets
Willingness to Pay for Residential Fast-Charging Outlets
Importance of Access to Charging Stations

Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Clint Wheelock — Wed, 08 Jul 2009 00:31:38 +0000

The electrification of the automobile has been slowly progressing over the last 10 years, ever since the arguably false start in the late 1990s. While hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have been proliferating recently, a new breed is on the verge of launching: the plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV). Promising dramatically improved fuel economy, PHEVs have come about largely from the convergence of two technologies: HEVs and lithium ion (Li-ion) batteries.

A mix of consumer demand and government incentives is fueling the development of PHEVs. Governments are encouraging improved fuel economy either implicitly by regulating it, as in the United States, or by charging high fuel taxes or limits on vehicle emissions, as in Europe. In addition, automakers are counting on consumers who have demonstrated strong interest in HEVs to show similar willingness to purchase PHEVs. Pike Research forecasts that PHEV programs will initially focus on the small car segment (80% of sales in 2015), followed closely by the small SUV segment (10% of sales by 2015). By 2015, we anticipate the U.S. will be the largest market for HEVs and PHEVs, selling approximately 640,000 vehicles in these two categories combined. China will be the second-largest market with more than 560,000 hybrid vehicles sold that same year. By that time, Pike Research forecasts that there will be a total of 1.7 million PHEVs on the world’s roadways.

This Pike Research report analyzes the emerging PHEV market with a focus on business issues and demand drivers, technology issues such as the use of advanced batteries and the need for electric vehicle charging infrastructure, the effects of regulatory standards and government incentives around the world, and an in-depth assessment of major OEMs’ PHEV programs. Detailed market data and forecasts include PHEV sales and registrations for world markets, sales figures for the total light vehicle and HEV markets to provide context for these numbers, and projected PHEV market shares for selected manufacturers.

Key questions addressed:

What HEV and PHEV programs are planned for the next few years?
What are the consumer acceptance issues associated with PHEVs?
How will the PHEV market be segmented between different vehicle classes?
What are the key technologies used in HEVs and PHEVs?
how big are the HEV and PHEV markets and how large are these markets expected to grow?
What are the key drivers of growth in the HEV and PHEV markets?
What will be the effects of regulatory standards and government incentives on the emerging PHEV market?
Who are the key industry players in the HEV and PHEV markets?
How ill the adoption of PHEVs vary by world region?

Who needs this report?

OEM Vehicle Marketing Managers
Vehicle Component Suppliers
Battery Manufacturers
Government Environmental Agencies
Government Transportation Agencies
Environmental Transportation Advocacy Groups
Vehicle Trade Associations
Utility Managers
Investor Community

1. Executive Summary

2. Market Issues

2.1 History

2.2 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2.2.1 PHEVs by Vehicle Type

2.2.1.1 Passenger Cars

2.2.1.2 Light Trucks

2.2.2 Competition from Chinese Manufacturers

2.3 Product Demand vs. Development

2.3.1 Other “Green” Vehicle Technologies

2.3.1.1 Battery Electric Vehicles

2.3.1.2 Hydrogen-Powered Vehicles

2.3.1.3 Fuel Cell Vehicles

2.3.2 Chrysler and General Motors Bankruptcy Impact on PHEV Development

2.3.3 Automotive X-Prize

2.3.4 Urban Planning Impact on Automobile Development

3. Technology Issues

3.1 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Drivetrains

3.1.1 Terminology Defined

3.1.2 Parallel Hybrid Design

3.1.2.1 Belt Alternator Start

3.1.2.2 Mild Hybrids

3.1.2.3 Full Hybrids

3.1.3 Series Hybrid Design/Extended Range Electric Vehicle

3.2 Battery Technology

3.2.1 Battery Chemistry

3.2.1.1 Lead Acid Batteries

3.2.1.2 Nickel-Sodium Chloride Batteries

3.2.1.3 Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries

3.2.1.4 Lithium Ion Batteries

3.2.1.5 Lithium Titanate Batteries

3.2.1.6 Growing Geopolitical Concerns with Lithium and Other Advanced Battery Chemicals

3.2.2 Safety Concerns

3.3 Ultracapacitors

3.4 Regenerative Braking

3.5 Recharging Infrastructure

3.5.1 Electric Utilities and Smart Grid Technologies

3.5.2 Vehicle Electronics and Engine Monitoring

4. Demand Drivers

4.1 Market-Based Demand

4.1.1 Fuel Prices

4.1.1.1 Hypermiling

4.1.2 Consumer Preference

4.1.2.1 Niche Manufacturers

4.1.3 Global Warming and Peal Oil Awareness

4.2 Government Emissions Regulations

4.2.1 United States

4.2.1.1 CAFE Standards

4.2.1.2 EPA Emissions Limitations

4.2.2 Canada

4.2.3 Mexico

4.2.4 Europe

4.2.5 Japan

4.2.6 China

4.2.7 India

4.3 Government Incentives

4.3.1 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA)

4.3.2 Canada

4.3.3 Europe

4.3.4 Japan

4.3.5 China

4.3.6 Other Regulatory Incentives

5. Key Industry Players

5.1 Original Equipment Manufacturers

5.1.1 BMW/Mini

5.1.2 Chinese Manufacturers

5.1.3 Chrysler

5.1.4 Daimler

5.1.5 Ford Motor Co.

5.1.6 Fiat

5.1.7 General Motors

5.1.8 Honda

5.1.9 Hyundai/Kia

5.1.10 Mitsubishi

5.1.11 Nissan/Renault

5.1.12 PSA Peugeot/Citroen

5.1.13 Toyota Motor Corp.

5.1.14 Volkswagen/Audi

5.2 Key Suppliers

5.2.1 A123 Systems

5.2.2 Cobasys

5.2.3 Eaton Corp.

5.2.4 EnergyCS (Battery Management Systems)

5.2.5 Enova Systems, Inc.

5.2.6 GS Yuasa

5.2.7 Johnson Controls-Saft

5.2.8 LG Chemical/Compact Power

5.2.9 National Alliance for Advanced Transportation Battery Cell Manufacture (NAATBCM)

5.2.10 Panasonic EV Energy

6. Market Forecasts

6.1 Global Vehicle Sales Forecast: 2006-2015

6.1.1 United States and Canada

6.1.2 Latin America

6.1.3 Europe

6.1.4 Asia Pacific

6.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles Forecast: 2006-2015

6.2.1 HEV Forecast

6.2.2 PHEV Forecast

6.2.3 HEV and PHEV Forecast for the Rest of the World

6.3 PHEV Sales Forecast by Vehicle Segment, United States: 2015

6.4 PHEV Registrations Forecast: 2009-2015

6.4.1 North America

6.4.2 Europe

6.4.3 Asia Pacific

6.5 Global Market Share Forecasts for Selected Manufacturers

6.5.1 Selected OEM PHEV Market Share Forecasts: 2010, 2015

6.5.1.1 Toyota Motor Corp. Market Share Forecasts: 2010-2015

6.5.1.2 General Motors Market Share Forecasts: 2010-2015

6.5.1.3 Ford Motor Co. Market Share Forecasts: 2010-2015

6.6 Summary and Conclusions

7. Company Directory

8. Acronym and Abbreviation List

9. Table of Contents

10. Table of Charts and Figures

11. Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

Total Hybrid Sales (HEVs and PHEVs), World Markets: 2007-2015
HEV and PHEV Sales, World Markets: 2007-2015
PHEV Sales by Segment, United Sates: 2015
Global Lithium Reserves Base by Country: 2005
Vehicle Sales, World Markets: 2006-2015
Vehicle Sales, United States and Canada: 2006-2015
Vehicle Sales, Latin America: 2006-2015
Vehicle Sales, Western and Eastern Europe: 2006-2015
Vehicle Sales, China, Japan, and India: 2006-2015
HEV Sales, World Markets: 2006-2015
PHEV Sales, World Markets: 2009-2015
Total Hybrid Sales (HEVs and PHEVs), World Markets: 2007-2015
PHEV Sales by Vehicle Segment, United States: 2015
PHEV Registrations Forecast, World Markets: 2009-2015
Selected OEM Global Market Shares, World Markets: 2007, 2009, 2015
Selected OEM PHEV Market Shares, World Markets: 2010, 2015
Typical State of Charge for Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
Series and Parallel Hybrid Drivetrains Diagram
Peak Oil Curve – World Oil Production (Crude Oil + NGL) and Forecasts (1940-2050)
Annual Automobile Vehicle Miles of Travel (VMT) per Capita: 1997
PHEV Product Plans, North America: 2010-2012 & Beyond
PHEV Product Plans, Europe: 2010-2012 & Beyond
PHEV Product Plans, Asia Pacific: 2010-2012 & Beyond
Consumer Preferences for Electric Vehicle Range

List of Tables

Lithium Production, Country Markets: 2005
Annual Growth in Light Vehicle Production, World Markets: 2007-2015
Annual Light Vehicle Production, World Markets: 2006-2015
Annual Growth in Total Vehicle Sales, World Markets: 2007-2015
Annual Vehicle Sales, World Markets: 2006-2015
HEV Sales Growth Rate, World Markets: 2007-2015
HEV Sales, World Markets: 2006-2015
PHEV Sales Growth Rate, World Markets: 2010-2015
PHEV Sales, World Markets: 2009-2015
Total Hybrid Electric Vehicle Sales (HEVs and PHEVs) Growth Rate, World Markets: 2007-2015
Total Hybrid Electric Vehicle Sales (HEVs and PHEVs), World Markets: 2006-2015
PHEV Sales by Segment, United Sates: 2010-2015
PHEV Registration Growth Rates by Region, World Markets: 2010-2015
PHEV Registrations by Region, World Markets: 2009-2015
Global Market Share for Selected Manufacturers: 2007-2015
Global Sales for Selected Manufacturers: 2007-2015
Global PHEV Market Share for Selected Manufacturers: 2009-2015
Global PHEV Sales for Selected Manufacturers: 2009-2015

Electric Vehicles on the Grid

Clint Wheelock — Sat, 20 Jun 2009 18:15:54 +0000

Electric vehicles will begin shipping in volume starting in 2010. These vehicles will require the rollout of a new infrastructure for charging access at home, at work, and around town. By 2015, access to vehicle charging will be available at more than one million charge points in the United States alone. Vehicles will be primarily charged at home as early adopters will prefer the convenience. China, which has mandated the production of electric vehicles, will be the world leader in charging stations, selling nearly half of the global total of 1.5 million units in 2015. Bidirectional smart vehicle-to-grid charging will remain a niche application for the foreseeable future due to technical difficulties and utilities’ conservative deployment strategies.

Utilities in the U.S. will slowly see revenue from vehicle charging increase from $3 million in 2010 to more than $200 million in 2015. The added demand will have little overall impact on grid reliability, but could diminish performance in neighborhoods with the highest EV concentrations. Utilities will prepare for the additional load to the grid by tracking vehicle sales and creating new customer billing programs. Charging equipment sales will initially be driven by government funding of public stations. Fees for commercial charging will be low due to the availability of free and low-cost charging at residences and public locations. Retailers will install public access stations primarily as a marketing tool and not to generate direct revenue from charging fees.

This Pike Research report examines the many open questions surrounding business models and technology issues for electric vehicle charging infrastructure. It analyzes and forecasts the market for residential, public, private, and workplace charging stations through 2015 as well as examining operational and technological impacts of plug-in hybrid and battery electric vehicles on the grid infrastructure. Analysis includes an in-depth assessment of market drivers and barriers, along with profiles of charging infrastructure vendors, utilities, automakers, and smart grid companies.

Key questions addressed:

How will the emergence of electric vehicles impact grid reliability and peak demand?
What will be the composition of the charging infrastructure?
What are the business opportunities in providing charging services?
How many charging stations will be installed worldwide?
What are the technical challenges for the integration of electric vehicles onto the grid?

Who needs this report?

Utilities
Electric vehicle manufacturers
Charging station manufacturers and service providers
Electric vehicle associations
City and local government transportation agencies
State and federal government agencies
Investors

1. Executive Summary

2. Market Issues

2.1 EV Market

2.1.1 Government EV Incentives

2.2 Vehicle Charging

2.2.1 Residential Charging

2.2.1.1 Residential Upgrade Requirements

2.2.1.2 Cost

2.2.1.3 Permits and Utility Rates

2.2.1.4 Connection Equipment

2.2.2 Standalone Charging Stations

2.2.2.1 Cost

2.2.2.2 Public/Municipal Charging

2.2.2.2.1 Public Funding of Charging Stations

2.2.2.3 Private Charging Stations

2.2.2.4 Workplace Charging

2.3 Battery Swapping Stations

2.4 Industry Growth Drivers

2.4.1 Energy Cost Savings

2.4.2 Carbon Reduction

2.4.3 Cities’ Desire to be Green

2.4.3.1 Top 20 U.S. Metro Areas for PHEV Charging Stations in 2015

2.4.4 Energy Security

2.4.5 Smart Grid

2.5 Marketability and Commercialization

2.5.1 Home Charging Equipment

2.5.2 Charging Station Equipment

2.5.3 Charging Station Energy Sales

2.5.3.1 Fast Charging

2.5.4 Customer Billing

2.6 Implementation Issues

2.6.1 Equipment Connection Standards

2.6.1.1 Standard Connector

2.6.1.2 Plug Standard

2.6.2 Vehicle-Grid Communications

2.6.2.1 Energy Transfer Standard J2847

2.6.2.2 Messaging Standard J2836

2.6.3 Regulatory Restrictions

3. Technology Issues

3.1 Vehicle Power Consumption

3.2 Charging Time Required

3.3 Grid Impact

3.3.1 Impact on Capacity

3.3.2 Utility Revenue

3.3.3 Charging Times

3.3.4 Regional Impact

3.3.4.1 Impact on Equipment

3.3.5 Neighborhood Power Demand

3.3.5.1 Impact on Transformers

3.4 National Grid Standards

3.4.1 Vehicle-Grid Power Transfer Standards

3.4.2 Smart Grid Device Standards

3.4.2.1 Federal Government Standards

4. Selling Electricity to Vehicles

4.1 Marketing and Commercialization

4.1.1 Utility Revenue

4.1.2 Pricing Models

4.1.2.1 Time of Use Pricing

4.1.2.2 Flat Pricing

4.2 Energy Aggregators

4.3 Information and Communication Services

4.4 Industry Drivers

4.4.1 Carbon Pricing

4.4.2 Battery Services

4.4.3 Renewable Energy

4.4.3.1 Residential Solar

4.4.3.2 Wind

4.4.4 Vehicle to Grid

4.4.4.1 Marketability and Commercialization

4.4.4.2 Implementation Issues

4.4.4.2.1 Cost

4.4.4.2.2 Scalability

4.4.4.2.3 Standards

4.4.4.2.4 Control of Energy

4.4.4.2.5 Battery Storage

5. Market Forecasts

5.1 Global EV Charging

5.1.1 North America

5.1.1.1 Metropolitan Areas

5.1.1.2 Residential Charging

5.1.1.3 Public Charging

5.1.1.4 Private Charging

5.1.1.5 Workplace Charging

5.2 Europe

5.2.1 Denmark

5.3 Asia Pacific

5.3.1 China

5.3.2 Japan

5.4 Middle East/Africa

5.4.1 Israel

5.5 Rest of the World

6. Key Industry Players

6.1 Charging Infrastructure

6.1.1 AeroVironment

6.1.2 Better Place

6.1.3 Coulomb Technologies

6.1.4 ECOtality

6.2 Utilities Preparing EV Charging Infrastructure

6.2.1 Austin Energy

6.2.2 Duke Energy

6.2.3 Pacific Gas and Electric

6.2.4 Portland General Electric

6.2.5 Progress Energy

6.2.6 Southern California Edison

6.2.7 Xcel Energy

6.3 EV Automakers Participating in EV Charging

6.3.1 Ford Motor Company

6.3.2 General Motors

6.3.3 Mitsubishi Motors

6.3.4 Nissan/Renault

6.4 Smart Grid Service Providers Participating in EV Charging

6.4.1 GridPoint

6.4.2 IBM

6.4.3 SmartSynch

7. Company Directory

8. Acronym and Abbreviation List

9. Table of Contents

10. Table of Charts and Figures

11. Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

Total EV Charging Station Unit Sales by Region, World Markets: 2010-2015
Electric Vehicle Sales, United States: 2010-2015
Charging Equipment Market Segmentation, United States: 2015
Residential Access to Charge Spots
Typical U.S. Commute Distances
PHEV Energy Consumption, United States: 2010-2015
Utility Revenue from PHEV Charging, United States: 2010-2015
Vehicle Charging Without Off-Peak Incentive
Example of Combined Evening Charging
Total EV Charging Station Unit Sales, World Markets: 2010-2015
Charging Equipment Sales by Segment, United States: 2015
Electric Vehicle Product Plans, North America: 2010-2012 and Beyond
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Product Plans, Europe: 2010-2012 and Beyond
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Product Plans, Asia: 2010-2012 and Beyond
Vehicle Charging Levels
Estimated Costs for Installing Charging Equipment
State Incentives for EV Infrastructure Investment
Average Daily Charging Time for PHEVs

List of Tables

Total EV Charging Station Unit Sales by Region, World Markets: 2010-2015
Electric Vehicle Sales, United States: 2010-2015
Charging Equipment Market Segmentation, United States: 2015
Residential Access to Charge Spots
Typical U.S. Commute Distances
PHEV Energy Consumption, United States: 2010-2015
Utility Revenue from PHEV Charging, United States: 2010-2015
Vehicle Charging Without Off-Peak Incentive
Example of Combined Evening Charging
Total EV Charging Station Unit Sales, World Markets: 2010-2015
Charging Equipment Sales by Segment, United States: 2015
Electric Vehicle Product Plans, North America: 2010-2012 and Beyond
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Product Plans, Europe: 2010-2012 and Beyond
Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Product Plans, Asia: 2010-2012 and Beyond
Vehicle Charging Levels
Estimated Costs for Installing Charging Equipment
State Incentives for EV Infrastructure Investment
Average Daily Charging Time for PHEVs

Hybrid Electric Vehicles for Fleet Markets

Clint Wheelock — Fri, 22 May 2009 22:50:12 +0000

Many companies are grappling with the need to both cut costs and reduce carbon emissions, and their vehicle fleets represent a significant portion of this challenge. Fleet managers are searching for the best ways to achieve both goals, thus driving further investigation of electric vehicles as an alternative to internal combustion engine vehicles. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) offer lower emissions and better fuel economy – between 10% and 40% higher than comparable internal combustion vehicles. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) are the next step, potentially offering zero-emissions transportation depending on how far the vehicle travels.

Most fleet managers have already put together a business case for vehicles that accounts for the lifetime costs of the vehicles, including acquisition costs, fuel costs, maintenance, and residual value. However, only a few fleets are currently including a cost for emissions, though many recognize that this cost may be included in the near future. As all of these factors become increasingly important, and as commercial vehicle registrations and fleet sales rebound from the economic downturn in 2010 and beyond, Pike Research anticipates that HEVs and PHEVs will become a major focus for fleet operators in key markets around the world.

This Pike Research report provides an in-depth examination of the opportunities and challenges for HEVs and PHEVs in fleet markets around the world, including both light cars and trucks and the medium/heavy duty truck segments. The study provides a comprehensive review of key market growth drivers and business case considerations for fleet managers, along with a review of hybrid and battery technology issues. Detailed forecasts are included for the global vehicle market, HEV and PHEV sales (total and fleet), total commercial vehicle registrations and fleet sales by segment. Key market players are also profiled including automotive OEMs, heavy-duty truck and bus manufacturers, and key suppliers including battery manufacturers.

Key questions addressed:

What HEV and PHEV programs are planned for the next few years?
How much recognition is there among fleet managers that HEVs and PHEVs will reduce their fuel consumption and carbon footprint, and how important are those reductions to fleet managers?
How do fleet managers decide if hybrids will be cost-effective for them?
What are the key technologies used in HEVs and PHEVs?
What are the key market demand issues for fleet managers with HEVs and PHEVs?
What are the key drivers of growth in the HEV and PHEV markets?
Who are the key industry players in the HEV and PHEV markets?

Who needs this report?

OEM Automaker Fleet Sales Managers
OEM Vehicle Marketing Managers
Vehicle Component Suppliers
Battery Manufacturers
Government Environmental Agencies
Government Transportation Agencies
Environmental Transportation Advocacy Groups
Vehicle Trade Associations
Fleet Manager Trade Associations
Vehicle Fleet Consultants
Utility Managers

1. Executive Summary

2. Market Issues

2.1 History

2.2 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2.2.1 PHEVs by Vehicle Type

2.2.1.1 Passenger Cars

2.2.1.2 Light Trucks

2.2.1.3 Medium/Heavy-Duty Trucks

2.2.2 Competition from Chinese Manufacturers

3. Technology Issues

3.1 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle Drivetrains

3.1.1 Terminology Defined

3.1.2 Parallel Hybrid Design

3.1.2.1 Mild Hybrids

3.1.2.2 Full Hybrids

3.1.3 Series Hybrid Design/Extended Range Electric Vehicle

3.1.4 Medium/Heavy-Duty Truck Hybrid Design

3.2 Battery Technology

3.2.1 Battery Chemistry

3.2.1.1 Lead Acid Batteries

3.2.1.2 Nickel-Sodium Chloride Batteries

3.2.1.3 Nickel Metal Hydride Batteries

3.2.1.4 Lithium Ion Batteries

3.2.1.5 Lithium Titanate Batteries

3.2.2 Safety Concerns

3.3 Ultracapacitors

3.4 Regenerative Braking

3.5 Recharging Infrastructure

3.5.1 Electric Utilities and Smart Grid Technologies

4. Demand Drivers for Fleet Markets

4.1 Market-Based Demand

4.1.1 Greening of Corporate Fleets

4.1.2 PHEV Availability Concerns

4.1.3 Relationship Between PHEV Demand and Gas/Diesel Prices

4.1.4 Impact of Alternative Fuel Vehicles on PHEVs

4.2 Government Emissions Regulations

4.2.1 United States

4.2.1.1 CAFE Standards

4.2.1.2 EPA Emissions Limitations

4.2.2 Canada

4.2.3 Mexico

4.2.4 Europe

4.2.5 Japan

4.2.6 China

4.2.7 India

4.3 Government Incentives

4.3.1 American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA)

4.3.2 Canada

4.3.3 Europe

4.3.4 Japan

4.3.5 China

4.3.6 Other Regulatory Incentives

5. Key Industry Players

5.1 Original Equipment Manufacturers

5.1.1 BMW/Mini

5.1.2 Chinese manufacturers

5.1.3 Chrysler Corp.

5.1.4 Daimler

5.1.5 Ford Motor Co.

5.1.6 Fiat

5.1.7 General Motors

5.1.8 Honda

5.1.9 Hyundai/Kia

5.1.10 Mitsubishi

5.1.11 Nissan/Renault

5.1.12 PSA Peugeot/Citroen

5.1.13 Toyota Motor Corp.

5.1.14 Volkswagen/Audi

5.2 Heavy-Duty Trucks/Buses

5.2.1 Azure Dynamics

5.2.2 Daimler Trucks/Freightliner

5.2.3 Dueco

5.2.4 Electric Vehicles International (EVI)

5.2.5 Navistar/International Truck and Engine Corp.

5.2.6 PACCAR/Kenworth/Peterbilt/DAF

5.2.7 Toyota/Hino

5.2.8 Volvo

5.3 Key Suppliers

5.3.1 A123 Systems

5.3.2 Cobasys

5.3.3 Eaton Corp.

5.3.4 EnergyCS (Battery Management Systems)

5.3.5 Enova Systems, Inc.

5.3.6 ISE Corporation

5.3.7 Johnson Controls-Saft

5.3.8 LG Chemical/Compact Power

5.3.9 National Alliance for Advanced Transportation Battery Cell Manufacture (NAATBCM)

5.3.10 Panasonic EV Energy

6. Market Forecasts

6.1 Global Vehicle Sales Forecast: 2006-2015

6.1.1 United States and Canada

6.1.2 Latin America

6.1.3 Europe

6.1.4 Asia Pacific

6.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles Forecast: 2006-2015

6.2.1 HEV Forecast

6.2.2 PHEV Forecast

6.2.3 HEV and PHEV Forecast for the Rest of the World

6.3 U.S. Sales Forecast by Vehicle Segment: 2015

6.3.1 U.S. PHEV Forecast by Vehicle Segment: 2015

6.3.2 Commercial Registrations Forecast: 2006-2015

6.3.3 North America

6.3.4 Europe

6.3.5 Asia Pacific

6.4 Hybrid Vehicle Fleet Sales Forecast: 2007-2015

6.4.1 North America

6.4.2 Europe

6.4.3 Asia Pacific

6.4.4 HEV Fleet Sales: 2007-2015

6.4.5 PHEV Fleet Sales: 2009-2015

6.4.6 Taxi Fleets Forecast: 2008-2013

6.5 Summary and Conclusions

7. Company Directory

8. Acronym and Abbreviation List

9. Table of Contents

10. Table of Charts and Figures

11. Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

Table of Charts and Figures

Hybrid Electric Vehicle Sales, World Markets: 2006-2015
Hybrid Electric Vehicle and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Sales, World Markets: 2006-2015
Hybrid Electric Vehicle Sales by Segment, United States: 2008
Typical State of Charge for Plug-In Hybrid Vehicles
Bus Registrations by Census Region, United States: 2008
Bus Registrations by Province, Canada: 2008
Vehicle Sales, World Markets: 2006-2015
Vehicle Sales, United States and Canada: 2006-2015
Vehicle Sales, Latin America: 2006-2015
Vehicle Sales, Western and Eastern Europe: 2006-2015
Vehicle Sales, China and Japan: 2006-2015
Hybrid Electric Vehicle Sales, World Markets: 2006-2015
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Sales, World Markets: 2006-2015
Fleet Vehicle Sales by Vehicle Segment, United States: 2015
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Sales by Vehicle Segment, United States: 2015
Commercial Vehicle Registrations, World Markets: 2006-2015
Total Hybrid Fleet Sales (HEV and PHEV), World Markets: 2007-2015
Total HEV Fleet Sales, World Markets: 2009-2015
Total PHEV Fleet Sales, World Markets: 2009-2015
Taxi Fleet Vehicle Registrations, Top World Cities: 2008-2013
Series and Parallel Hybrid Drivetrains Diagram
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Product Plans, North America: 2010-2013 & Beyond
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Product Plans, Europe: 2010-2012 & Beyond
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Product Plans, Asia Pacific: 2010-2012 & Beyond
Costs Included in PHEV Business Case by Fleet Managers
Example PHEV Business Case for Fleet Acquisition
Top 30 Hybrid Electric Vehicle Fleets, United States: 2008

Table of Tables

Top 30 Hybrid Electric Vehicle Fleets, United States: 2008
Top 30 Vehicle Fleets by Total Fleet Size, United States: 2008
Annual Growth in Light Vehicle Production, World Markets: 2007-2015
Annual Light Vehicle Production, World Markets: 2007-2015
Annual Growth in Total Vehicle Sales, World Markets: 2007-2015
Annual Vehicle Sales, World Markets: 2006-2015
Hybrid Electric Vehicle Sales Growth Rate, World Markets: 2007-2015
Total Hybrid Electric Vehicle Sales, World Markets: 2006-2015
Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Sales Growth Rate, World Markets: 2010-2015
Total Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Sales, World Markets: 2009-2015
Total HEV Fleet Sales, World Markets: 2007-2015
Total PHEV Fleet Sales, World Markets: 2009-2015
Total Hybrid Fleet Sales (HEV and PHEV), World Markets: 2007-2015
Fleet Sales by Segment, Untied States: 2007-2015
Fleet Sales Growth Rates by Region, World Markets: 2007-2015
Total Fleet Sales by Region, World Markets: 2007-2015
Commercial Vehicle Registration Growth Rates by Region, World Markets: 2007-2015
Commercial Vehicle Registrations by Region, World Markets: 2006-2015
Taxi Fleet Vehicle Registrations, Top World Cities: 2008-2013
Hybrid Fleet Sales by Vehicle Segment, North America: 2008-2015
Hybrid Percentage of Fleet Sales by Vehicle Segment, North America: 2008-2015
Hybrid Electric Vehicle Percentage of Total Fleet Sales, North America: 2008-2015
Total Fleet Sales by Segment, North America: 2008-2015

Biofuels Markets and Technologies

Clint Wheelock — Mon, 09 Mar 2009 20:25:11 +0000

Driven by a quest for energy security, environmental quality, and economic development, a handful of nations are following the lead of Brazil in developing domestic biofuels markets. National governments are mandating the tremendous scope of the biofuels market opportunity — at $100 billion-plus per year — but it is still in its infancy. The United States, Brazil, and the European Union are the big three biofuels markets in terms of volume. Biofuels now provide more than 50% of the fuel by volume that powers Brazil’s road transportation vehicles with gasoline engines. While currently only a small fraction of the U.S. and EU total transportation fuels markets, these regions dominate Brazil in absolute numbers in their respective biodiesel and ethanol markets.

However, the excitement of the biofuels market potential is tempered somewhat by its many challenges, which include limited availability of inexpensive feedstocks, ethical questions of food vs. fuel, price volatility and low price of petroleum oil, sustainability issues of water, secondary land use effects, and biodiversity, infrastructure incompatibilities, credit availability and global recession, and overcapacity of production.

This Pike Research report explores many of the complexities and paradoxes of biofuels markets. It examines current trends and possible futures for the industry, policies and market conditions that have shaped the industry to this point, and game changing events, mechanisms, players, and technologies. The report covers key technologies that will drive the future of the industry to include second and third generation feedstocks and advanced technologies. Companies that are playing significant roles in the evolution of global biofuels markets are also profiled. Comprehensive forecasts quantify the market potential for biodiesel and ethanol by country and region.

Key questions addressed:

What are the game-changing technologies and trends for Biofuels markets?
How are the economics of Biofuels production being changed by market mechanisms and technologies?
What are the key drivers shaping the future of the industry?
Where is the industry going over the next 5-10 years?
Who are some of the players involved in the various Biofuels market segments and what are their strategies?

This report is for:

Investors and financial institutions
Biofuels technologists and technology providers
Policy and decision makers
Biofuels producers
Biomass feedstock growers and suppliers

1. Executive Summary

1.1 Market Overview

1.2 Biofuels Market Drivers

1.3 Key Takeaways

1.3.1 Strategic Recommendations

1.4 Technology Advancements

1.5 Market Forecast Highlights

2. Market Issues

2.1 The Role of Biofuels in Energy Markets

2.2 Biofuels to be Addressed

2.2.1 Uses

2.3 Biofuels’ Inherent Advantages

2.3.1 Availability

2.3.2 Easily Substituted for Petroleum Fuels

2.3.3 Traditional Agricultural Supply Chain

2.4 Biofuels’ Inherent Disadvantages

2.4.1 Price

2.4.1.1 Comparative Energy Content and Cost per BTU

2.4.1.2 Comparative Price per Gallon

2.5 Evolution of Biofuels

2.6 Market Opportunities

2.6.1 Growing Demand for Energy Globally

2.6.2 Energy Security

2.6.3 Climate Change

2.6.4 Carbon Markets

2.6.5 Cap and Trade

2.6.6 The Need for Sustainable Technologies

2.6.6.1 Food vs. Fuel

2.6.6.2 Primary and Secondary Land Use

2.6.7 Mandates, Subsidies, and Incentives

2.6.7.1 Mandates

2.6.7.1.1 Renewable Fuel Standard

2.6.7.1.2 Renewable Energy Directive

2.6.7.1.3 Subsidies and Incentives

2.6.7.1.4 Stimulus Spending

2.6.8 Big Oil Investments

2.7 Industry Growth Drivers

2.7.1 Legislative, Regulatory, Incentives, and Subsidies

2.7.2 Growing Acceptance in the Marketplace

2.7.3 Improvements to Biofuels Technologies

2.7.4 Emergence of New Feedstocks

2.7.5 Economics Overview

2.7.5.1 Ethanol

2.7.5.2 Biodiesel

2.7.5.3 Cost of Conventional Energy Source Trends

2.7.5.4 Cost Structures of Biofuels

2.7.5.5 Co-Products as Cost or Profit Centers

2.8 Market Challenges

2.8.1 Supply Side

2.8.1.1 Market Volatility

2.8.1.2 Contention for Biofuels Feedstock Resources

2.8.1.3 Sustainability and Public Perception

2.8.1.4 Production Capacity and Utilization

2.8.1.5 Cost and Availability of Capital

2.8.1.6 Infrastructure

2.8.2 Demand Side

2.8.2.1 Volatility of Energy and Commodity Markets

2.8.2.2 Trade Duties and Tariffs

2.8.2.3 Global Recession

2.8.2.4 Sustainability Concerns

2.8.2.5 Blend Standards and Walls

2.8.2.6 Equipment and Weather Compatibility

3. Technology Issues

3.1 First Generation – Incremental Improvements

3.1.1 Planting, Growing, and Harvesting

3.1.1.1 Increasing Feedstock Crop Yields

3.1.1.2 Lowering Fertilizer Costs

3.1.1.3 Evolving the Business Model to Embrace Sustainability

3.1.2 Production Processes

3.1.2.1 Profit Margin Risk Management

3.1.2.2 Upgrades for Biorefining

3.1.2.3 Supervisory Controls Systems

3.1.2.4 Retrofitting with Renewable Energy

3.1.2.5 Biodiesel Process Technology

3.2 Second Generation

3.2.1 Cellulosic

3.2.1.1 Strengths and Weaknesses

3.2.1.2 Commercialization Time Horizon and Locations

3.2.1.3 Cost

3.2.2 Biodiesel Second- and Third-Generation Technologies

3.2.2.1 Trap Grease Technology

3.2.2.2 Jatropha

3.2.2.3 Algae Oil

3.2.3 Advanced Biofuels from Biomass

4. Key Industry Players

4.1 Cellulosic Ethanol

4.1.1 Verenenium

4.1.2 POET

4.1.3 Mascoma

4.1.4 BioGasol

4.1.5 Range Fuels

4.1.6 Coskata

4.1.7 Radian Bioenergy

4.2 Advanced Biofuels

4.2.1 Amyris

4.3 Second Generation

4.3.1 SG Biofuels

4.3.2 D1 Oils

4.4 Third Generation

4.4.1 Aurora Biofuels

4.4.2 Sapphire Energy

4.5 Services

4.5.1 IVG Energy

4.5.2 Kingsman

4.5.3 Piedmont Biofuels

5. Market Forecasts

5.1 World Transportation Fuels Demand and Prices for the U.S. Market

5.2 World Biofuels Demand

5.3 North America

5.3.1 Ethanol

5.3.2 Biodiesel

5.4 Europe

5.4.1 Ethanol

5.4.2 Biodiesel

5.5 Asia Pacific

5.5.1 Ethanol

5.5.2 Biodiesel

5.6 Latin America

5.6.1 Ethanol

5.6.2 Biodiesel

6. Company Directory

7. Acronym and Abbreviation List

8. Table of Contents

9. Table of Figures

10. Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, References and Sources, Notes

List of Charts & Figures

Mandated Biodiesel Demand, World Markets: 2009-2022
Mandated Ethanol Demand, World Markets: 2009-2022
CAGR by Type and Region, World Markets: 2009-2022
Projected Biofuels Market Value, World Markets: 2010, 2015, 2020, and 2022
Market Share of Ethanol Production by Country, World Markets: 2008
Market Share of Biodiesel Production by Geography, World Markets: 2008
Snapshot Comparison of Cost per BTU (Based on Spot Rack Prices, March 20, 2009)
Snapshot Comparison of Price per Gallon, United States: January 2009
EU’s Fuel Quality Directive on GHG Reduction: 2011-2020
Renewable Fuel Standard Mandates, United States: 2009-2022
Future Blends Biofuels by Percentage Volume, European Union: 2011-2020
Spot Ethanol and Gasoline Prices, Midwest: 1986-2008
Transportation Sector Energy Use Projection by Type: 2008-2030
Conventional Vehicle Projections: 2006-2030
Alternative Fuel Vehicle Projections: 2006-2030
Ethanol profits for Ethanol Producers and Corn Farmers: January 2005 to November 2008
Spot Profit Margin Trend for Ethanol Producers by Location: February 2009
Cost per Gallon Biodiesel at $4.50 per Gallon: April 2008
Estimated Production of Ethanol Feed Co-Products, United States: 1990-2009
Year-over-year Change in Average Price of Petro-Fuels, United States: 2007-2010
Biodiesel Monthly Production, United States: 2008-2009
Breakeven Analysis for Ethanol vs. Biomass Feedstock Costs
Historical and Projected Enzymatic Cellulosic Ethanol Costs: 2001, 2007, and 2012
Price Comparison of Biodiesel Feedstocks with Year of Commercial Availability
Estimated Transportation Fuel Demand, World Mkts: 2005-30
Estimated Price of Transportation Fuels: 2006-2030
Biofuels Demand Projection, World Mkts: 2010, 2015, 2020
EIA Estimates of CAGR for Biofuels Demand by 5-Year Periods, World Markets: 2005-2030
CAGR by Type and Region, World Markets: 2009-2022
Renewable Energy Demand by Transportation Sector, United States: 2006-2030
Ethanol Demand Projection, United States: 2009-2022
Biodiesel Demand Projection, United States: 2009-2022
Renewable Fuel Standard Mandates, United States: 2009-22
Projected Ethanol Demand, China, India, and Thailand
Projected Biodiesel Demand, China, India, and Thailand
Projected Ethanol Demand, European Union: 2009-2022
Projected Biodiesel Demand, European Union: 2009-2022
Projected Ethanol Domestic Demand, Argentina and Brazil: 2008-2022
Projected Biodiesel Domestic Demand, Argentina and Brazil: 2008-2022
E85 Refueling Stations by State: 2008
Biodiesel Refueling Locations by State: 2008
Absolute Biodiesel Production Potential
Dry Mill Starch Ethanol Process
Wet Mill Starch Ethanol Process
Steps in Biological Approach to Making Cellulosic Ethanol
Steps in Gasification Approach to Making Cellulosic Ethanol
Cellulosic Ethanol Projects under Development and Construction, United States
Enzymatic Cellulosic Ethanol
Top Net Importers of Oil, World Markets: 2006
Biofuels Incentives, Subsidies, and Tariffs, United States
Biofuels Investments by Big Oil
Feedstocks of the Future
Ethanol Imports by Country, World Markets: 2005-2008
Biodiesel Exports and Imports, United States: 2003-2008
Biofuels Production Capacity and Utilization by Type, United States: 2005-2008
Commercial- and Development-Scale Cellulosic Ethanol Plants, United States
Sampling of Jatropha Plantation Projects

List of Tables

Mandated Biodiesel Demand, World Markets: 2009-2022
Mandated Ethanol Demand, World Markets: 2009-2022
CAGR by Type and Region, World Markets: 2009-2022
Projected Biofuels Market Value, World Markets: 2010, 2015, 2020, and 2022
Market Share of Ethanol Production by Country, World Markets: 2008
Market Share of Biodiesel Production by Geography, World Markets: 2008
Snapshot Comparison of Cost per BTU (Based on Spot Rack Prices, March 20, 2009)
Snapshot Comparison of Price per Gallon, United States: January 2009
Renewable Fuel Standard Mandates, United States: 2009-2022
Transportation Sector Energy Use Projection by Type: 2008-2030
Conventional Vehicle Projections: 2006-2030
Alternative Fuel Vehicle Projections: 2006-2030
Spot Profit Margin Trend for Ethanol Producers by Location: February 2009
Year-over-year Change in Average Price of Petro-Fuels, United States: 2007-2010
Price Comparison of Biodiesel Feedstocks with Year of Commercial Availability
Estimated Transportation Fuel Demand, World Markets: 2005-2030
Estimated Price of Transportation Fuels: 2006-2030
Biofuels Demand Projection, World Markets: 2010, 2015, and 2020
EIA Estimates of CAGR for Biofuels Demand by 5-Year Periods, World Markets: 2005-2030
Renewable Energy Demand by Transportation Sector, United States: 2006-2030
Ethanol Demand Projection, United States: 2009-2022
Biodiesel Demand Projection, United States: 2009-2022
Renewable Fuel Standard Mandates, United States: 2009-2022
Projected Ethanol Demand, European Union: 2009-2022
Projected Biodiesel Demand, European Union: 2009-2022
Projected Ethanol Demand, China, India, and Thailand: 2009-2022
Projected Biodiesel Demand, China, India, and Thailand: 2009-2022
Projected Ethanol Domestic Demand, Argentina and Brazil: 2008-2022
Projected Biodiesel Domestic Demand, Argentina and Brazil: 2008-2022