The number of electronics applications that have become portable in the last 20 years has risen dramatically with the evolution of battery technologies. The portable power battery segment has grown dramatically during this same timeframe across a variety of consumer and industrial application areas. While the segment was initially constrained by supply-side limitations, the market has matured and is showing steady growth. Along with battery technology enhancements, a plethora of supporting electronic components and technologies have blossomed, which have further fueled the transition to portable power. The rapid progression to smaller, more powerful microprocessors, low-power, smaller and less expensive electronic components, and wireless technologies have facilitated miniaturization and more connected and mobile applications.

Batteries are governed and constrained by a set of electrochemical laws which differentiate them from other forms of energy storage and even from the kinds of advancements we have seen in the electronics industry. There is no “Moore’s Law” for battery technology. These electrochemical interactions give each battery chemistry a unique set of attributes which are important to understand when studying various portable power applications, adoption rates, and other market dynamics.

This Pike Research report analyzes existing and emerging portable battery technologies in depth across 15 consumer and industrial application segments and 17 primary and secondary battery chemistries. The study includes Attribute Maps for the most common battery chemistries operating in the portable power segment. Key industry players are profiled in depth and granular market forecasts, segmented by application and world region, and provided through 2015.

Key Questions Addressed:

• What are the key portable power applications that use battery power today and why?
• What are the underlying chemistry attributes that differentiate one battery type versus another in the selection process for various applications?
• What are the top three technology-based trends in this market?
• We see references to new technologies announced in the press which say they will result in 100X improvements in battery technology. Which ones are real?
• Are there any trends in applications or in how batteries are being used which could shift the usage model or the underlying technologies?
• How many battery chemistries are there in the market today? How are they different?
• Why rechargeable batteries vs. primary batteries for most portable power applications?

Who needs this report?

• Battery manufacturers
• Battery industry suppliers
• Portable electronics manufacturers
• OEM supplier or value chain partners
• Industry associations
• Investor community

Table of Contents

1.     Executive Summary

1.1   The Emergence of Portable Power – The Applications

1.2   Battery Technologies – Meeting the Needs of Portable Powered Applications?

1.3   The Marketplace Today

1.4   New Technologies

1.5   High Growth Areas

1.6   General Outlook

2.     Market Issues

2.1   Market/Application Dynamics and Drivers

2.1.1      Application/Usage Drivers

2.1.1.1     The Microprocessor Influence

2.1.1.2     Electrification Influences

2.1.1.3     Mobility

2.1.1.4     Convergence of Multiple Existing Technologies

2.1.2      Battery Technology Background

2.1.2.1     Primary and Secondary Chemistries

2.1.2.2     Cells vs. Batteries

2.1.2.3     Anatomy of a Cell

2.1.2.4     Anatomy of a Battery Subsystem

2.1.2.4.1.     Single-Cell Systems

2.1.2.4.2.     Multiple Cells Subsystems

2.1.2.4.3.     The Power Game – Increasing Voltage –Decreasing Current

2.1.2.4.4.     Series Connected Strings – A Balancing Act

2.1.2.4.5.     A Cell’s Safe Operating Zone in Series Connected Strings

2.1.2.5     Battery Attributes

2.1.2.5.1.     Chemistry

2.1.2.5.2.     Energy Density and Specific Energy

2.1.2.5.3.     Specific Power

2.1.2.5.4.     Packaging Efficiencies

2.1.2.5.5.     Thermal Performance

2.1.2.5.6.     Cycle Life

2.1.2.5.7.     Costs

2.1.2.5.8.     Charge Rates

2.1.2.5.9.     Self-Discharge Characteristics

2.1.2.5.10.   Fuel Gauging

2.1.2.5.11.   Form Factors

2.1.3      Alternative Solutions/Competition

2.1.3.1     Non-Advanced Rechargeable Battery Technologies

2.1.3.2     Single-Use/Primary Batteries

2.1.3.3     Small Real-Time Generators (Various Fuels)

2.1.3.4     Fuel Cells

2.1.3.5     Ultracapacitors

2.1.3.6     Solid-State/Thin-Film Batteries

2.1.3.7     Hybrid Systems

2.2   Overview of the Advanced Portable Battery Market

2.2.1      Methodology Market Size and Segmentation

2.2.1.1     By Chemistry

2.2.1.2     By Application

2.2.1.3     By Vendor

2.2.1.4     Application Segments

2.2.1.4.1.     Stationary

2.2.1.4.2.     Motive Power

2.2.1.4.3.     Portable Power

2.2.2      Overview of Battery Chemistries

2.2.2.1     Primary Cells/Batteries

2.2.2.1.1.     Alkaline

2.2.2.1.2.     Silver-Based Primary Chemistries

2.2.2.1.3.     Zinc Air

2.2.2.1.4.     Primary Lithium

2.2.2.2     Secondary Battery Technologies

2.2.2.2.1.     Rechargeable Alkaline Manganese

2.2.2.2.2.     Lead-Acid

2.2.2.2.3.     Nickel Cadmium (NiCd or NiCad)

2.2.2.2.4.     Nickel-Hydrogen (Ni-H2)

2.2.2.2.5.     Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH)

2.2.2.2.6.     Lithium-ion

2.2.2.3     Chemistry Overview Conclusion

2.2.3      Portable Power Application Segments – Overview

2.2.3.1     Consumer Applications

2.2.3.1.1.     Cellular Phones

2.2.3.1.2.     Portable Computers

2.2.3.1.3.     Portable Audiovisual Devices

2.2.3.1.4.     Portable Navigation Devices

2.2.3.1.5.     Digital Cameras

2.2.3.1.6.     Portable Gaming Devices

2.2.3.1.7.     Toys

2.2.3.1.8.     Watches, Hearing Aids, Etc.

2.2.3.2     Industrial

2.2.3.2.1.     Handheld Communication (Radios)

2.2.3.2.2.     Power Tools

2.2.3.2.3.     Lighting

2.2.3.2.4.     Medical

2.2.3.2.5.     Instrumentation/Sensors

2.2.3.2.6.     Military

3.     Technology Issues

3.1   Technology’s Part in the Perfect Battery

3.2   Challenges of Battery Chemistries

3.3   In the News – The 10x, 100x, 1,000x Battery Improvements – Hype?

3.3.1    Moore’s Law and the Battery Industry

3.4   Application-Level Technology Challenges

3.4.1    Cost and Risk – The Balancing Act in Advanced Battery Technologies

3.4.2    Safety

3.4.2.1     Cell-Level Safety

3.4.2.2     Packaging-Level Safety Features

3.4.2.3     Subsystem-Level Safety Integration

3.4.3    End-User Interactions – The Big Unknown

3.4.4    Safety and Regulations

3.4.5    Breaking the Run-Time Paradigm

3.5   Battery Technology Issues

3.5.1    Cost

3.5.2    Scalability

3.5.3    Liabilities

3.5.4    Technology Tradeoffs in the Absence of the Perfect Battery

3.5.5    Rechargeable vs. Primary Batteries in Product Designs

3.5.5.1     Primary Battery Options

3.5.5.1.1.     User Installed

3.5.5.2     Exchangeable Rechargeable Battery Options

3.5.5.2.1.     External/Wall Charger Method

3.5.5.2.2.     Integrated Charger Method

3.5.5.2.3.     Integrated (Non-Exchangeable) Rechargeable Battery Options

3.5.6    Minimizing the Environmental Impact of Batteries

3.5.6.1     Rechargeables – Make Fewer, Dispose of Fewer

3.5.6.1.1.     The Landfill Impact

3.5.6.1.2.     Regulations and Acceptable Limits

3.5.6.2     Internal Battery Contents

3.5.6.2.1.     Recycling

3.5.6.3     Manufacturing Process Chemicals

3.6   Battery Types and Chemistry Trends

3.6.1    Advancements in Primary Battery Chemistries

3.6.1.1     Zinc-Carbon Trends

3.6.1.2     Alkaline Battery Trends

3.6.1.3     Primary Lithium

3.6.2    Advances in Secondary (Rechargeable) Chemistries

3.6.2.1     Lead-Acid

3.6.2.2     Ni-Cd

3.6.2.3     Nickel-Based Batteries (NiMH, Nickel Zinc, Nickel Hydrogen)

3.6.2.4     Lithium-ion Secondary Batteries

3.6.2.4.1.     Iron Phosphate

3.6.2.4.2.     Cobalt Oxide

3.6.2.4.3.     Lithium Polymer Developments

3.6.2.4.4.     Manganese Spinel

3.6.2.4.5.     Nickel Metal Cobalt (NMC) Advancements

3.6.2.4.6.     Vanadium Chemistries

3.6.2.4.7.     Metal-Air Batteries

3.6.2.4.8.     Flow Batteries

3.6.2.4.9.     Molten Salt Batteries

3.6.2.5     Anode/Cathode Matching

3.6.2.6     Nano-Particles

3.6.2.7     Separator and Electrolyte Advancements

3.6.2.8     Hybrid Battery Systems

3.6.2.8.1.     Axion Power

3.6.2.8.2.     CSIRO

3.6.2.8.3.     EEStor

3.6.2.8.4.     IOXUS

3.6.3      Trends in Packaging

3.6.3.1     Electronics for Battery Subsystems

3.6.3.2     Cell Form Factors – Cylindrical Cells vs. Prismatic Cells

3.6.3.3     Manufacturing Methodologies

3.6.3.4     Manufacturing and Design Facilities

4.     Key Industry Players

4.1   Battery/Cell/System Vendors

4.1.1      3M Company

4.1.2      A123 Systems

4.1.3      ABSL

4.1.4      ActaCell

4.1.5      Advanced Battery Technologies Inc.

4.1.6      Advanced Lithium Electrochemistry Co., Ltd.

4.1.7      AllCell Technologies, LLC

4.1.8      Altair Nanotechnologies, Inc.

4.1.9      Altraverda

4.1.10    Boston-Power

4.1.11    BYD (Build Your Dreams) – Berkshire Hathaway

4.1.12    China BAK Battery, Inc.

4.1.13    Dow-Kokam

4.1.14    Duracell Group Ltd.

4.1.15    EaglePicher Technologies, LLC

4.1.16    Electrovaya

4.1.17    Ener1

4.1.18    Energizer Holdings Inc.

4.1.19    E-One Moli Energy Corporation

4.1.20    Eveready Battery Company

4.1.21    Free Form Battery

4.1.22    Gold Peak Industries

4.1.23    EnerSys – Hawker Motive Power

4.1.24    General Electric

4.1.25    Hitachi Maxell, Ltd.

4.1.26    Hitachi Vehicle Energy, Ltd.

4.1.27    Imara Corporation

4.1.28    International Battery

4.1.29    Kayo – Shenzhen Kayo Battery Co., Ltd.

4.1.30    Kokam

4.1.31    LG Chemical

4.1.32    Maxell

4.1.33    Micro Power Electronics Inc.

4.1.34    MicroSun Technologies

4.1.35    Moli Energy Corporation

4.1.36    NEC Energy Devices, Ltd.

4.1.37    Nilar, Inc.

4.1.38    Nexergy

4.1.39    Panasonic – Sanyo

4.1.40    Prieto Battery – Cenergy – CSU Technology Transfer

4.1.41    Pure Energy Solutions

4.1.42    Quallion, LLC

4.1.43    Rayovac (Spectrum Brands)

4.1.44    ReVolt Technology

4.1.45    Saft Group SA

4.1.46    Samsung SDI

4.1.47    Sanyo Electric Co.

4.1.48    Sony Electronics, Inc.

4.1.49    Thunder Sky Battery Group Limited

4.1.50    Toshiba Battery Co., Ltd.

4.1.51    Valence Technology

5.     Market Forecasts

5.1   Segment Sizing and Market Forecasting Methodology

5.1.1      Global Battery Chemistry/Application Market Notes and Trends

5.1.1.1     Portable Power Segment Definitions

5.1.1.1.1.     Consumer Applications

5.1.1.1.2.     Industrial Applications

5.1.1.2     Stationary Power Segment Definitions

5.1.1.3     Motive Power Application Segment Definitions

5.1.2      Portable Power Trends and Segment Analysis

5.1.2.1     Consumer Applications

5.1.2.1.1.     Cellular Phones

5.1.2.1.2.     Laptop Computers

5.1.2.1.3.     Portable AV, Music

5.1.2.1.4.     Portable Navigation

5.1.2.1.5.     Digital Photography

5.1.2.1.6.     Portable Gaming

5.1.2.1.7.     Toys

5.1.2.1.8.     Lighting

5.1.2.1.9.     Consumer Other (Batteries for watches, hearing aids, and pagers)

5.1.2.2     Industrial Applications

5.1.2.2.1.     Communication

5.1.2.2.2.     Power Tools

5.1.2.2.3.     Military

5.1.2.2.4.     Medical

5.1.2.2.5.     Instrumentation/Sensing

5.1.2.2.6.     Industrial Other

5.1.3    Geographic Segmentation

5.1.4    Chemistry-Based Segmentation

6. Company Directory

7. Acronym and Abbreviation List

8. Table of Contents

9. Table of Charts and Figures

10. Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

• Primary Battery Technologies Energy Densities
• Primary Battery Technologies Specific Energies
• Secondary Battery Technologies Energy Densities (Ranges Shown)
• Secondary Battery Technologies Specific Energies (Ranges Shown)
• Secondary Battery Power Densities
• Typical Cycle Life Range for Rechargeable Batteries in Portable Power Applications
• Total Cost of Ownership – Alkaline vs. Rechargeable
• Attribute Map for Primary Zinc-Carbon
• Attribute Map for Primary Alkaline (Zinc-Manganese Dioxide)
• Attribute Map for Primary Silver Oxide
• Attribute Map for Primary Zinc Air
• Attribute Map for Primary Lithium-Thionyl Chloride
• Attribute Map for Primary Lithium-Sulfur Dioxide
• Attribute Map for Primary Lithium-Manganese Dioxide
• Attribute Map for Primary Lithium-Carbon Mono-Fluoride
• Attribute Map for Primary Lithium-Carbon Fluoride
• Attribute Map for Rechargeable Alkaline Manganese
• Attribute Map for Lead-Acid
• Attribute Map for Nickel Cadmium
• Attribute Map for Nickel Metal Hydride
• Attribute Map for Lithium-ion Cobalt Oxide
• Attribute Map for Lithium-ion-Lithium Polymer
• Attribute Map for Lithium-ion-Iron Phosphate
• Attribute Map for Lithium-ion-Lithium Titanate
• Attribute Map for Lithium-ion-Manganese Oxide/Spinel
• 18650 Cell Capacity: 1992-2010
• OEM Cost of Moore’s Law Cell, World Markets: 1992-2012
• OEM Capacity of Moore’s Law Cell, World Markets: 1992-2012
• Portable Power Revenue by Geography (Consumer), World Markets: 2010-2015
• Portable Power Revenue by Geography (Industrial), World Markets: 2010-2015
• Portable Power Percentages by Geography (Consumer), World Markets: 2010
• Portable Power Percentages by Geography (Industrial), World Markets: 2010
• Multi-Cell Lead-Acid Battery Cut-Away
• Common Discharge Curves with Safe/Desired Operating Zones
• Series Connected Cells vs. a Parallel Connection
• An Example of a Balanced System on Discharge and Charge
• An Example of State-of-Charge Imbalance on a Three Cell System
• Temperature Ranges for Common Battery-Powered Applications
• Example of Temperature De-Rating Curves Showing Discharge Performance at Various Temperatures
• Various Popular Consumer Cell Form Factors (9V Square Battery, C Cells, Assortment of Alkaline Cells, Button Cells)
• Common Lithium-ion Cell Form Factors (Oval Camera Battery, 18650 Cell, Square
• Polymer Cell Phone Battery, Prismatic Cell, 26650 Cell)
• An Example of Primary Lithium Packaging – Consumer Products
• Examples of Solid-State Batteries
• Battery Market 3D Segmentation Map
• Chemistry Dimension in 3D Model
• Battery Application Dimension in the 3D Model
• Vendor Dimension in the 3D Model
• Common Primary Lithium Brands – Consumer Products
• The iPod Family: Classic, Nano, Shuffle, Touch
• Optical Images of Dendrites in a Li-Ion Battery
• Common 18650 Implementation of a PTC Device (Cathode End)
• Examples of Technical Product Differentiation in Primary Batteries
• Altraverda Bipolar Battery Construction
• Nilar’s Bipolar Cell Technology vs. Traditional Cylindrical Wound Cell
• ReVolt’s Zinc Air Structure
• Prieto Battery’s 3D Structure
• Free Form Rivet Assembly Structure

List of Tables

• Portable Power Applications
• Portable Power Battery Revenue, World Markets: 2010-2015
• Primary Chemistry Attributes
• Secondary Chemistry Attributes
• Cycle Life Ranges for Secondary Chemistries in Portable Power Applications
• Self-Discharge Rates for Common Battery Chemistry
• Power Tool Voltages by Vendor: 2010
• Moore’s Law 18650 Cell – What If Scenario
• Theoretical Specific Energies of Various Metal Air Batteries
• Total Battery Industry – All Pillars (Portable, Stationary, and Motive Power) – World Markets: 2010-2015
• Total Battery Industry – Primary vs. Secondary Forecast, World Markets: 2010-2015
• Battery Industry by Application Pillar, World Markets: 2010-2015
• Portable Power Revenue by Application Segment, World Markets: 2010-2015
• Portable Power Revenue by Geography (Consumer and Industrial), World Markets: 2010-2015
• Portable Power Revenue by Battery Chemistry, World Markets: 2010-2015
• Portable Power Geographic Splits for Consumer and Industrial Segments, World Markets: 2010-2015
• Comparison of Battery Attributes – Secondary Cells
• Primary vs. Rechargeable Technology Trends: 2000-2013