Lithium ion batteries currently dominate the nascent market for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and are slowly becoming selected for use in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) and stop-start vehicles (SSVs). As these vehicle segments grow to hundreds of thousands and then millions of vehicles sold per year, Li-ion production will enter volume production, lowering their cost and making the technology cost-competitive with alternative technologies such as Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMH) batteries.

The Li-ion automotive market is currently led by Japanese and Korean companies that originally produced cells for the consumer electronics and computing markets. These veteran companies are being challenged by companies mostly from China and North America that are slowly gaining customers, mostly in their domestic markets. The Li-ion automotive market is entering a mature phase that will see some smaller companies fail or be acquired due to an inability to reach volume production. The market will likely see volatility during 2012 as some supplier agreements change hands.

This Pike Research report evaluates 10 of the leading electric vehicle battery manufacturers and rates them on 10 criteria for strategy and execution, including vision, go-to-market strategy, partners, product strategy and roadmap, geographic reach, market share, sales and marketing, product quality and reliability, product portfolio, and staying power. Using Pike Research’s proprietary Pike Pulse methodology, vendors are profiled, rated, and ranked with the goal of providing industry participants with an objective assessment of these companies’ relative strengths and weaknesses in the emerging electric vehicle battery marketplace.

Top 10 Vendors:

1. LG Chem

2. Johnson Controls

3. GS Yuasa

4. AESC

5. A123 Systems

6. Panasonic Group

7. SB LiMotive

8. Hitachi Vehicle Energy

9. BYD

10. Electrovaya

Key Questions Addressed:

• Who are the leading manufacturers of Li-ion batteries selling into the automotive market?
• Which global regions are seeing the most activity in Li-ion battery development?
• Which companies are supplying batteries to the leading EV manufacturers?
• What is the market opportunity for the electrified vehicle market segments (HEV, BEV, PHEV)?

Who needs this report?

Table of Contents

1.      Executive Summary

1.1  Introduction

1.2  The Pike Pulse Grid

2.      Market Overview

2.1  Market Definition

2.1.1    Power versus Energy Batteries

2.2  Market Trends

2.2.1    Chemistry Options

2.2.2    Battery Cost

2.2.3    Hybrid Electric Vehicles

2.2.4    Plug-in Electric Vehicles

2.3  Market Drivers

2.3.1    Electrified Vehicle Sales

2.3.2    Regional Demand

2.3.2.1    Asia Pacific

2.3.2.2    North America

2.3.2.3    Europe

2.3.3    Synergy with Energy Storage

3.      The Pike Pulse

3.1  The Pike Pulse Grid

3.2  Company Rankings

3.2.1    Leaders

3.2.1.1    LG Chem

3.2.2    Contenders

3.2.2.1    Johnson Controls Inc. (JCI)

3.2.2.2    GS Yuasa

3.2.2.3    Automotive Energy Supply Corp. (AESC)

3.2.2.4    A123 Systems

3.2.2.5    Panasonic Group

3.2.2.6    SB LiMotive

3.2.3    Challengers

3.2.3.1    Hitachi Vehicle Energy (HVE)

3.2.3.2    BYD

3.2.3.3    Electrovaya

4.      Vendor Profiles

4.1  Leaders

4.1.1    LG Chem

4.2  Contenders

4.2.1    Johnson Controls Inc. (JCI)

4.2.2    GS Yuasa

4.2.3    Automotive Energy Supply Corp. (AESC)

4.2.4    A123 Systems

4.2.5    Panasonic Group

4.2.6    SB LiMotive

4.3  Challengers

4.3.1    Hitachi Vehicle Energy (HVE)

4.3.2    BYD

4.3.3    Electrovaya

4.4  Followers

5.      Company Directory

6.      Acronym and Abbreviation List

7.      Table of Contents

8.      Table of Charts and Figures

9.      Scope of Study

9.1  Scope of Study

9.2  Sources and Methodology

9.2.1    Vendor Selection

9.2.2    Ratings Scale

9.2.2.1    Score Calculations

9.2.3    Criteria Definitions

9.2.3.1    Strategy

9.2.3.2    Execution

List of Charts and Figures

• Lithium Ion Transportation Battery Capacity, World Markets: 2017
• The Pike Pulse Grid
• Lithium Ion Transportation Battery Revenue, World Markets: 2012-2017
• Annual Electrified Vehicle Sales by Segment, World Markets: 2012-2017
• The Pike Pulse Grid
• LG Chem Strategy & Execution Scores
• Johnson Controls Strategy & Execution Scores
• GS Yuasa Strategy & Execution Scores
• AESC Strategy & Execution Scores
• A123 Systems Strategy & Execution Scores
• Panasonic Group Strategy & Execution Scores
• SB LiMotive Strategy & Execution Scores
• Hitachi Vehicle Energy Strategy & Execution Scores
• BYD Strategy & Execution Scores
• Electrovaya Strategy & Execution Scores
• LG Chem Pike Pulse Position
• Johnson Controls Pike Pulse Position
• GS Yuasa Pike Pulse Position
• AESC Pike Pulse Position
• A123 Systems Pike Pulse Position
• Panasonic Group Pike Pulse Position
• SB LiMotive Pike Pulse Position
• Hitachi Vehicle Energy Pike Pulse Position
• BYD Pike Pulse Position
• Electrovaya Pike Pulse Position
• Global High Energy Lithium Ion Battery Estimated Cost Components: 2011

List of Tables

• Vendor Overall Scores
• Li-ion Battery Cost, World Markets: 2010-2017
• Lithium Ion Installed New Capacity, World Markets: 2011-2020
• Vendor Overall Scores
• Vendor Scores
• Vendor Scores on Strategy Criteria
• Vendor Scores on Execution Criteria
]]> http://www.pikeresearch.com/research/pike-pulse-report-electric-vehicle-batteries/feed 0 http://www.pikeresearch.com/research/microgrids http://www.pikeresearch.com/research/microgrids#comments Thu, 26 Jan 2012 05:21:38 +0000 Kristi Anderson http://www.pikeresearch.com/?p=32722
Microgrids are integrated energy systems consisting of distributed energy resources (DERs) and multiple electrical loads operating as a single, autonomous grid either in parallel to or islanded from the existing utility power grid. In many ways, a microgrid is really just a small-scale version of the traditional power grid that the vast majority of electricity [...]]]>


Microgrids are integrated energy systems consisting of distributed energy resources (DERs) and multiple electrical loads operating as a single, autonomous grid either in parallel to or islanded from the existing utility power grid. In many ways, a microgrid is really just a small-scale version of the traditional power grid that the vast majority of electricity consumers in the developed world rely on for power service today. Yet the smaller scale of microgrids results in far fewer line losses, a lower demand on transmission infrastructure, and the ability to rely on more localized sources of power generation.

All of these benefits are stimulating an increased demand for microgrids on a worldwide basis, in a variety of application areas including campus environments, military operations, remote/off-grid settings, community/utility systems, and commercial & industrial markets. In particular, the remote/off-grid segment has emerged as the clear leader in terms of revenue, and is arguably the most mature in terms of commercial status. North America is still clearly the leader in terms of planned capacity, but the developing world remains the most promising long-term market. Microgrids still face significant barriers to wide scale adoption, however. As of 2012, not a single national government has developed an integrated or comprehensive policy creating a viable, vibrant market for customer-driven microgrids. With the exception of Denmark, few other countries are even examining the complex policy issues involved when aggregating DERs not owned by utility companies on a broad scale.

This Pike Research report analyzes the global market opportunity for microgrids across five key application segments: campus, military, remote, community, and commercial & industrial. The report provides a comprehensive assessment of the demand drivers, business models, policy factors, and technology issues associated with the rapidly-developing market for microgrids. Key industry players are profiled in depth and worldwide revenue and capacity forecasts, segmented by application and region, extend through 2017.

Key Questions Addressed:

• What were the two most important steps forward for the overall microgrid market in 2011?
• Why does the North American campus environment segment lead in terms of worldwide capacity?
• Why are remote microgrids so far ahead of the rest of the other segments when it comes to revenue?
• Who are some of the new major players that have entered the microgrid market within the last year – and why?
• What are the greatest technical challenge facing microgrids today?
• Which segment has the most public policy support?

Who needs this report?

• Microgrid and smart grid technology vendors
• Renewable energy equipment and service providers
• Energy storage companies
• Large commercial/industrial power users
• Utilities
• Military agencies
• Government agencies
• Investor community

Table of Contents

1.      Executive Summary

1.1  Surveying the World’s Microgrid Market

1.2  Growth Drivers and Adoption Rates

2.      Market Issues

2.1  What is a Microgrid?

2.2  Microgrid Market Overview

2.3  Microgrid Enabling Technologies

2.3.1    Distributed Generation

2.3.2    Islanding & Bi-Directional Inverters

2.3.3    Smart Transfer Switches

2.3.4    Micro Storage Options

2.3.5    Microgrid “Control” Systems

2.3.6    Other Optimization and Integration Controls

2.3.7    Virtual Power Plants versus Microgrids

2.3.8    The Business Case for Microgrids

2.3.9    SWOTs for Campus, Military Stationary, and Remote Microgrids

2.1  Current Microgrid Opportunities

2.1.1    IMBY Instead of NIMBY

2.1.2    DOD’s Historic Track Record on Fostering Innovative Technologies

2.1.3    FITs, RPS, TOUs, Utility Revenue Decoupling, and Net Metering

2.1.4    Current Unstable Geopolitical Trends

2.1.5    Increasing Frequency of Natural Disasters

2.1.6    A Bottom of the Pyramid Value Proposition

2.2  Implementation Issues

2.2.1    Indifferent (or even Hostile) Host Distribution Utilities

2.2.2    Lack of Comprehensive Microgrid Policy Frameworks

2.2.3    Lack of Commercial Terms in Key Emerging Markets

2.2.4    AC versus DC Grid Architectures

2.2.5    IT Crossovers into Power Markets

2.2.6    UL 1741 Safety Standard

2.2.7    IEEE Islanding and Storage Standards

2.2.8    NIST Cyber Security Standards

2.2.9    Plug-and-Play Offerings Extremely Limited

2.2.10  Physical & Cyber Security

3.      Technology Issues

3.1  The Evolution of Power Grid Infrastructure

3.2  The New Microgrid Paradigm

3.2.1    Basic Principles

3.2.2    Remote Microgrid Exceptions

3.2.3    Pros and Cons

3.2.4    Commercial Time Horizon

3.2.5    Cost

3.3  Microgrid Component Cost Breakdown

3.4  Microgrid “Control” Systems

3.4.1    Basic Principles

3.4.2    Pros and Cons

3.4.3    Commercialization Time Horizon

3.4.4    Cost Ranges

3.5  Smart “Islanding” Inverters

3.5.1    Pros and Cons

3.5.2    Commercial Time Horizon

3.6  Advanced Energy Storage Technologies

3.6.1    Pros and Cons

3.6.2    Commercial Time Horizon

3.7  Virtual Power Plants

3.7.1    DR-VPP Parameters

3.7.2    Cost

3.7.3    The Pros and Cons of VPPs

4.      Key Industry Players

4.1  Overview of Key Industry Players

4.2  Leading Investor-Owned Utilities

4.2.1    American Electric Power

4.2.2    Consolidated Edison

4.2.3    San Diego Gas & Electric

4.3  Industrial Market Entrants

4.3.1    ABB

4.3.2    Boeing

4.4  Smaller Innovators with Track Records

4.4.1    Encorp

4.4.2    Power Analytics

4.4.3    Viridity Energy

4.5  Game Changing Data Management Start-Ups

4.5.1    Green Energy Corporation

4.5.2    Tiga Energy

4.6  Smart Transfer Switches

5.      Market Forecasts

5.1  Surveying the Global Microgrid Market

5.2  Growth Scenarios

5.2.1    Base Scenario

5.2.2    Average Scenario

5.2.3    Aggressive Scenario

5.3  Analysis by Segment Application

5.4  Analysis by Geography

5.4.1    Campus Environment/Institutional Segment

5.4.1.1    North America

5.4.1.2    Europe

5.4.1.3    Asia Pacific

5.4.1.4    Rest of the World

5.4.2    Campus Environment/Institutional Case Study:  Santa Rita Jail, Alameda County, California

5.4.3    Stationary Military Microgrid Segment

5.4.3.1    North America

5.4.3.2    Rest of the World

5.4.4    Military Stationary Base Case Study:  Fort Sill, Oklahoma

5.4.5    Remote Microgrid Segment

5.4.5.1    North America

5.4.5.2    Europe

5.4.5.3    Asia Pacific

5.4.5.4    Rest of the World

5.4.6    Remote Microgrid Case Study:  Bella Coola, British Columbia

5.4.7    Community/Utility Segment

5.4.7.1    North America

5.4.7.2    Europe

5.4.7.3    Asia Pacific

5.4.7.4    Rest of the World

5.4.8    Community/Utility Case Study:  Ashton Hayes Going Carbon Neutral Project, United Kingdom

5.4.9    Commercial/Industrial Segment

5.4.9.1    North America

5.4.9.2    Europe

5.4.9.3    Asia Pacific

5.4.9.4    Rest of the World

5.4.10  Commercial/Industrial (Multiple Owners) Case Study:  The Aomori Project

6.      Company Directory
7.      Acronym and Abbreviation List
8.      Table of Contents
9.      Table of Charts and Figures
10.      Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

• Total Microgrid Capacity by Segment, Average Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Annual Microgrid Revenue by Region, Average Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Worldwide Announced Storage Capacity for Electricity Markets: 4Q 2011
• Microgrid Capacity by Market Segment, World Markets: 4Q 2011
• Microgrid Capacity by Region, World Markets: 4Q 2011
• Total Microgrid Capacity by Segment, Base Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Total Microgrid Capacity by Region, Base Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Annual Microgrid Revenue by Segment, Base Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Total Microgrid Revenue by Region, Base Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Total Microgrid Capacity by Region, Average Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Annual Microgrid Revenue by Region, Average Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Total Microgrid Capacity by Segment, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Total Microgrid Capacity by Region, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Annual Microgrid Revenue by Segment, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Annual Microgrid Revenue by Region, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Yesterday’s Centralized Power versus Tomorrow’s Clean, Localized Power
• Super Smart Grids versus Microgrids
• Microgrid Market Shares Based on Capacity Size: 2009
• Microgrid Market Shares per Generation Type: 2009
• Solar PV Market Displaying Exponential Growth: 2000-2010
• Hybrid Microgrid-VPP Networks for College Campuses
• Price Summary for Solar PV FITs, World Markets: 2011
• RPS States in the United States with Solar or Distributed Generation Set Asides
• States with IOU Residential Real-Time Pricing or TOU Rates
• U.S. States with Utility Revenue Decoupling
• Total Microgrid Capacity by Region and Segment, Average Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Net Metering States (with Eligibility Limits)
• Selected States Offering Net Metering Aggregation
• Increased Frequency of Natural Disasters
• Regional Remote Microgrid Opportunities: 1970-2030
• The History and Evolution of DC Distributed Power
• Moving from Disconnected to Dynamic Energy Management
• Conventional and Microgrid DER Paradigm Shift
• Distributed Power System Applications: MW versus MWh
• Current Microgrid Project/Test Center Landscape in the United States
• Microgrid Payback Periods and Market Penetration
• Cost Breakdown for Alaska Wind-Diesel Remote Microgrids
• CERTS “Droop Frequency Control” Diagram
• “Smart” Inverter Transforms Microgrid into VPP
• End-Use Customer Storage Applications
• Denmark’s “Cell Controller Project”
• Community Energy Storage Program at AEP
• Powercorp/ABB Powerstore Flywheel Technology
• University of California, San Diego Microgrid Topology
• FREEDM Microgrid Topology
• SMUD’s 310 kW Microgrid Topology
• Fisher-Pry S-Curve for Microgrids
• Santa Rita Jail Key Microgrid Components
• Energy Surety Microgrid Concepts
• Topology of Bella Coola Remote Microgrid
• Aerial View of the Ashton Hayes “Microgrid”
• Aomori Project Topology in Japan

List of Tables

• SWOT Analysis for Campus Environment Microgrids
• SWOT Analysis for Military Stationary Base Microgrids
• SWOT Analysis for Remote Microgrids
• AEP SWOT Analysis
• Con Edison SWOT Analysis
• SDG&E SWOT Analysis
• ABB SWOT Analysis
• Boeing SWOT Analysis
• Encorp SWOT Analysis
• Power Analytics SWOT Analysis
• Viridity Energy SWOT Analysis
• Green Energy Corporation SWOT Analysis
• Tiga Energy SWOT Analysis
• Thomas & Betts SWOT Analysis
• Campus Microgrid Capacity by Region and Segment, Base Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Military Stationary Base Microgrid Capacity by Branch, Base Scenario, United States: 2011-2017
• Remote Microgrid Capacity by Region, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Annual Campus Microgrid Revenue by Region and Segment, Base Scenario, World Markets:  2012-2017
• Military Stationary Base Microgrid Annual Revenue by Branch, Baseline Scenario, United States: 2011-2017
• Total Remote Microgrid Revenue by Region, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Campus Microgrid Capacity by Region and Segment, Average Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Military Stationary Base Microgrid Capacity by Branch, Average Scenario, United States: 2011-2017
• Remote Microgrid Capacity by Region, Average Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Annual Campus Microgrid Revenue by Region and Segment, Average Scenario, World Markets:  2012-2017
• Military Stationary Base Microgrid Annual Revenue by Branch, Average Scenario: 2011-2017
• Total Remote Microgrid Revenue by Region, Average Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Campus Microgrid Capacity by Region and Segment, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Military Stationary Base Microgrid Capacity by Branch, Aggressive Scenario, United States: 2011-2017
• Remote Microgrid Capacity by Region, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Annual Campus Microgrid Revenue by Region and Segment, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets:  2012-2017
• Military Stationary Base Microgrid Annual Revenue by Branch, Aggressive Scenario: 2011-2017
• Total Remote Microgrid Revenue by Region, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Total Microgrid Capacity by Region and Segment, Base Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Total Microgrid Capacity by Segment, Base Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Annual Microgrid Revenue by Region and Segment, Base Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Annual Microgrid Revenue by Segment, Base Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Total Microgrid Capacity by Segment, Average Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Annual Microgrid Revenue by Region and Segment, Average Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Annual Microgrid Revenue by Segment, Average Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Total Microgrid Capacity by Region and Segment, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Total Microgrid Capacity by Segment, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Annual Microgrid Revenue by Region and Segment, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Annual Microgrid Revenue by Segment, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
]]> http://www.pikeresearch.com/research/microgrids/feed 0 http://www.pikeresearch.com/research/social-media-in-the-utility-industry-consumer-survey http://www.pikeresearch.com/research/social-media-in-the-utility-industry-consumer-survey#comments Thu, 19 Jan 2012 14:10:06 +0000 Kristi Anderson http://www.pikeresearch.com/?p=32513
As social media adoption continues to grow, utilities of all sizes are recognizing the impact these new services can have on their marketing, communications, and business strategies. Pike Research estimates that approximately 57 million customers worldwide will use social media to engage utilities in 2011, and that number is expected to rise to 624 million [...]]]>


As social media adoption continues to grow, utilities of all sizes are recognizing the impact these new services can have on their marketing, communications, and business strategies. Pike Research estimates that approximately 57 million customers worldwide will use social media to engage utilities in 2011, and that number is expected to rise to 624 million customers by the end of 2017. To assess consumer usage of social networking services for interaction with their utility companies, Pike Research conducted a web-based survey of more than 1,000 U.S. consumers in the fall of 2011 using a nationally representative and demographically balanced sample.

While some utilities have already seized the opportunity social media offers, others remain on the sidelines. Pike Research believes there are benefits utilities can garner by utilizing social networking and media services to communicate with end users, including:

• Informing customers about changes to pricing and billing
• Educating customers and keeping them informed about new products and services
• Addressing questions and allowing for a “virtual” conversation with customers
• Reaching certain demographic groups

Pike Research believes that as social networking and media become more pervasive, utilities and other companies will look to invest in and grow their presence in this area.

This Pike Research white paper examines the current frequency of consumer interactions with utilities using social media tools, the reasons for those interactions, and the demographic and behavioral segments most likely to use social media such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, LinkedIn, and blogs for utility interactions. The report also analyzes the level of interest among consumers in future engagement with utilities via social media. The report’s findings are based on a web-based survey of 1,051 U.S. consumers conducted in the fall of 2011.

What does this report answer?

• Are consumers adopting social networking and media services?
• Are they using these services to interact with their utilities?
• What are the most common social media sites that consumers use to communicate with their utility?
• How does the level of interaction with utilities via social media vary by demographic and behavioral segment?
• Why are consumers interacting with their utility through social networking and media sites?
• How likely are consumers to use social media and networking site to interact with their utility in the future?

Who needs this report?

• Utilities
• Smart meter manufacturers
• Home energy management companies
• Demand response service providers
• Smart appliance manufacturers
• Systems integrators
• Industry associations
• Consumer advocacy groups
• Government agencies
• Investor community

Table of Contents

1.       Introduction

 

2.      Current Use of Social Media

2.1        Current Use of Social Networking and Media

 

3.      Using Social Media to Interact with Utilities

3.1        Social Media and Utilities Customers

 

4.      Future Interaction with Utilities

4.1        Planned Future Interactions

 

5.      Summary and Conclusions

5.1        Current Social Media Usage

5.2        Future Social Media Services Usage

5.3        Social Media Recommendations for Utilities

6.      Table of Contents
7.      Table of Charts and Figures
8.      Scope of Study and Survey Methodology

List of Charts and Figures

• Current Use of Social Media Sites
• Social Media Usage by Demographic Segment
• Social Media Usage by Behavioral Segment
• Current Use of Social Media to Interact with Utility
• Interaction with Utility via Social Media by Demographic Segment
• Interaction with Utility via Social Media by Behavioral Segment
• Type of Social Media Used to Interact with Utility
• Frequency of Interaction with Utility via Social Media
• Reasons for Interaction with Utility via Social Media
• Planned Future Interaction with Utility via Social Media
• Planned Future Interaction with Utility by Demographic Segment
• Planned Future Interaction with Utility by Behavioral Segment
]]> http://www.pikeresearch.com/research/social-media-in-the-utility-industry-consumer-survey/feed 0 http://www.pikeresearch.com/research/biopower-markets-and-technologies http://www.pikeresearch.com/research/biopower-markets-and-technologies#comments Thu, 05 Jan 2012 23:39:36 +0000 Matthew.McLean https://www.pikeresearch.com/?p=32041
Biopower, or the generation of electricity and heat from biomass resources, represents one of the only base load renewable applications with widespread availability of fuel resources. Theoretically inexhaustible and found in abundance around the world, biomass feedstocks currently supply an estimated 14% of global primary energy. As global energy demand escalates and efforts to curb [...]]]>


Biopower, or the generation of electricity and heat from biomass resources, represents one of the only base load renewable applications with widespread availability of fuel resources. Theoretically inexhaustible and found in abundance around the world, biomass feedstocks currently supply an estimated 14% of global primary energy. As global energy demand escalates and efforts to curb greenhouse gas emissions intensify, an increasing number of countries are turning to biomass resources as fuel for commercial-scale electricity production.

Although feedstock aggregation challenges have frustrated more dynamic market growth to date, EU-27 leadership in biomass utilization has demonstrated that co-firing manageable quantities of biomass with coal can provide a low-cost strategy for reducing emissions.  Increasing biomass supply chain development coupled with increasing international trade flows in densified biomass pellets are expected to support expanding biopower utilization worldwide over the next decade.  Today, an estimated 58 GW of biopower installed capacity is deployed worldwide across dedicated, co-fired, and CHP facilities.  Although combustion-based conversion technologies are the most widely deployed solutions worldwide, cost reductions and efficiency gains are beginning to point to increasing market share for gasification conversion technologies.

This Pike Research report analyzes the global market opportunity for electricity production from dedicated, co-fired, and CHP biopower sources.  The study includes a comprehensive examination of market drivers, existing and emerging technologies, feedstock opportunities, the public policy and regulatory landscape, and key industry players.  Market forecasts for installed power generation capacity, cumulative investments, and pellet production and consumption are segmented by geography and key countries through 2021.

Key Questions Addressed:

• Which regions are poised for the greatest growth in biopower capacity worldwide?
• What are the key market obstacles impacting growth in the global biopower industry?
• What policy drivers are shaping biopower deployment in leading markets – EU-27, the United States, China, and Brazil?
• What are the main biomass feedstocks used and how is this expected to change over the next decade?
• How will biomass supply chain challenges and developments impact biopower deployment?
• What are the comparative costs of combustion and gasification technologies?
• Who are the leaders in biopower utilization and what are their strategies for accessing feedstocks?
• How will the trade in densified biomass pellets develop over the next decade?
• Which regions will attract the highest cumulative investment in biopower by 2021?
• How will expanding biofuels production impact biopower development?

Who needs this report?

• Bioenergy project developers
• Biomass producers, suppliers, and aggregators
• Biomass pellet producers
• Utilities
• Turbine and equipment manufacturers
• Industry associations
• Government agencies
• Environmental organizations
• Investor community

Table of Contents

1.      Executive Summary

1.1  Introduction

1.2  World Markets

1.3  Technology Trends

2.      Market Issues

2.1  Overview of Biopower

2.1.1    What is Biomass?

2.1.1.1    Brief History of Biomass Utilization

2.1.1.2    Biomass Feedstocks

2.1.1.3    Bioenergy

2.1.1.4    Biomass End Uses

2.1.2    Why Biomass?

2.1.2.1    Biomass Advantages

2.1.2.2    Biomass Disadvantages

2.1.3    Biomass as a Renewable Resource

2.2  Role of Biopower in Global Energy Markets

2.2.1    Snapshot of Global Biopower Utilization

2.2.2    Snapshot of Global Biomass Utilization

2.2.3    Estimated Resource Potential

2.2.4    International Trade

2.3  Biomass Market Drivers

2.3.1    Rising Electricity Demand

2.3.1.1    Industrialization (Especially in Emerging Markets)

2.3.1.2    Increasing Wealth (Especially in China and India)

2.3.2    Climate Change

2.3.2.1    Quantifying the Impact of Biopower

2.3.2.2    Climate Change and Investment in Biopower

2.3.3    Economic Development

2.3.4    Policy and Regulatory Drivers

2.3.4.1    Renewable Energy Targets

2.3.4.2    Subsidies, Loans, and Grants

2.3.4.3    Climate Change Regulation

2.4  Biomass Growth Barriers

2.4.1    Feedstock Supply

2.4.1.1    Land Availability

2.4.1.2    Supply Chain Uncertainty

2.4.1.3    Biomass Carbon Accounting

2.4.2    Sustainability Criteria

2.4.3    Policy Uncertainty

2.4.3.1    Climate Change and GHG Regulation

2.4.3.2    Availability of Public Subsidies, Loans, and Grants

2.4.4    Competition with Fossil Fuels

2.4.5    Other Barriers

2.5  Economics of Biopower

2.5.1    Biomass Feedstock Costs

2.5.2    Power Production Costs

2.5.2.1    Combustion

2.5.2.2    BIGCC

2.5.2.3    Landfill Gas

2.5.2.4    CHP

3.      Key Markets

3.1  United States

3.1.1    Incentives

3.1.2    State Renewable Portfolio Standards

3.1.3    Regulatory Outlook

3.2  EU-27

3.2.1    20-20-20

3.2.2    EU Member State Incentives

3.3  China

4.      Technology Issues

4.1  Overview of Biopower Production

4.1.1    Technology Commercialization

4.1.2       Advances in Conversion Processes

4.2  Biomass Supply Chain

4.2.1    Sourcing Biomass

4.2.2    Material Preparation

4.2.2.1    Chipping

4.2.2.2    Pelleting and Briquetting

4.2.2.3    Pyrolysis

4.2.2.4    Torrefaction

4.3  Biomass Conversions Technologies

4.3.1    Biomass Combustion

4.3.1.1    Power Production via Combustion

4.3.1.1.1.   Boiler Technologies

4.3.1.1.2.   Co-firing

4.3.1.1.3.   Repowering Conventional Plants

4.3.1.2    Combustion Advantages and Disadvantages

4.3.1.3    Optimizing Combustion

4.3.2    Biomass Gasification

4.3.2.1    Power Production via Gasification

4.3.2.1.1.   Anaerobic Digestion

4.3.2.1.2.   Conventional Gasification

4.3.2.1.3.   IGCC/IGCT

4.3.2.2    Gasification Advantages and Disadvantages

4.4  Integrated Systems

4.4.1    CHP – Cogeneration

4.4.2    Integrated Biorefineries

5.      Key Industry Players

5.1  Biomass Feedstock Suppliers and Processors

5.1.1    Abellon CleanEnergy

5.1.2    ArborGen

5.1.3    Biomass Secure Power

5.1.4    Enviva

5.1.5    Integro Earthfuels

5.2  Biomass Power Producers

5.2.1    American Renewables

5.2.2    Boralex, Inc.

5.2.3    Greenleaf Power

5.2.4    Covanta Energy

5.2.5    Dalkia

5.2.6    Decker Energy International

5.2.7    DONG Energy

5.2.8    Drax Power Limited

5.2.9    E.ON AG

5.2.10  Essent N.V.

5.2.11  Fibrowatt LLC

5.2.12  Helius Energy

5.2.13  Iberdrola Renewables

5.2.14  Nexterra Energy

5.2.15  NRG Energy, Inc.

5.2.16  Primenergy, LLC

5.2.17  Vattenfall

5.2.18  Wheelabrator Technologies Inc.

6.    Market Forecasts

6.1  Methodology

6.1.1    Forecast Uncertainties

6.1.2    Key Assumptions

6.2  Global Biopower Projections

6.2.1    Forecasts

6.2.2    Baseline Forecast

6.2.3    Growth Forecast

6.3  Global Biomass Utilization Projections

6.4  Forecasts by Market

6.4.1    United States

6.4.2    Brazil

6.4.3    EU-27

6.4.4    China

6.     Company Directory
7.     Acronym and Abbreviation List
8.     Table of Contents
9.     Table of Charts and Figures
10.   Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

• Installed Biopower Capacity from All Sources, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Market Share of Cumulative Biopower Investment by Region, World Markets: 2021
• Installed Generating Capacity by Source, World Markets: 2010
• Installed Biopower Capacity Market Share by Region, World Markets: 2011
• Share of Biopower Capacity in Generation Portfolios in Key Markets, World Markets: 2011
• Share of Biopower Generation by Biomass Source, United States: 2008
• Total Primary Energy Consumption by Region, World Markets: 2010-2035
• Net Electricity Generation by Region, Non-OECD Markets: 1990-2035
• Cost Comparison of Biomass Combustion and Gasification Technologies
• CAGR Among Biopower Commercial-Scale Producers, United States: 2008-2010
• Installed Biopower Capacity from All Sources, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Installed Biopower Capacity by Region, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Cumulative Biopower Investments by Region, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Market Share Installed Biopower Capacity, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2021
• Net Biopower Generation by Region, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Market Share Installed Biopower Capacity, Growth Scenario, World Markets: 2021
• Cumulative Biopower Investments by Region, Growth Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Market Share Installed Biopower Capacity, Growth Scenario, World Markets: 2021
• Net Biopower Generation by Region, Growth Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Biomass Utilization for Power Generation, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Biomass Pellet Production by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Installed Biopower Capacity from All Sources, United States: 2011-2021
• Biomass Pellet Production and Consumption, United States: 2011-2021
• Installed Biopower Capacity from All Sources, Brazil: 2011-2021
• Installed Biopower Capacity, EU-27: 2011-2021
• Biomass Pellet Production and Consumption, EU-27: 2011-2021
• Biomass Utilization for Biopower, China: 2011-2021
• Map of Bioenergy Applications
• International Biomass Trade Flows
• Commercialization Status of Major Biomass Technologies
• Biomass Collection, Storage, and Delivery Process Options
• Integrated Biorefinery Conversion Pathways
• Vattenfall Biomass Mix

List of Tables

• Biomass Power and Thermal Targets, World Markets
• Relative Costs of Fossil Fuel and Biomass Resources
• Biomass Incentives Description and Scheduled Duration, United States: 2011
• Summary of Renewable Portfolio Standards, United States
• Moisture Content of Biomass Feedstocks
• Typical Data and Figures for Power Generation from Biomass
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Co-firing
• Database of Facilities Utilizing Biomass Resources, World Markets
• Installed Generating Capacity by Source, World Markets: 2010
• Net Electricity Generation by Source, World Markets: 2010
• Installed Biopower Capacity Market Share by Region, World Markets: 2011
• Share of Biopower Capacity in Generation Portfolios in Key Markets, World Markets: 2011
• Share of Biopower Generation by Biomass Source, United States: 2008
• Total Primary Energy Consumption by Region, World Markets: 2010-2035 (Reference Case)
• Net Electricity Generation by Region, Non-OECD Markets: 1990-2035
• Biomass Power and Thermal Targets by Country, World Markets: 2011
• Cost Comparison of Biomass Combustion and Gasification Technologies
• Biopower Capacity by Producer, United States: 2008-2010
• Biomass Incentives Description and Scheduled Duration, United States: 2011
• Biopower Capacity from All Sources by Region and Country, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
• Biopower Capacity Market Share from All Sources by Region and Country, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
• Net Biopower Generation from All Sources by Region and Country, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
• Biopower Cumulative Investment by Region, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
• Biopower Capacity from All Sources by Region and Country, Growth Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
• Biopower Capacity Market Share from All Sources by Region and Country, Growth Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
• Net Biopower Generation from All Sources by Region and Country, Growth Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
• Biopower Cumulative Investment by Region, Growth Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
• Biopower Feedstock Demand by Region and Country, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
• Biopower Feedstock Demand by Region and Country, Growth Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
• Biomass Utilization for Heat and Power, Asia Pacific: 2011-2021
• Biomass Pellet Production by Region, World Markets: 2008-2021
• Biomass Pellet Consumption by Region, World Markets: 2008-2021
]]> http://www.pikeresearch.com/research/biopower-markets-and-technologies/feed 0 http://www.pikeresearch.com/research/pike-pulse-report-upsbackup-power-stationary-fuel-cells http://www.pikeresearch.com/research/pike-pulse-report-upsbackup-power-stationary-fuel-cells#comments Tue, 20 Dec 2011 18:43:48 +0000 Matthew.McLean http://www.pikeresearch.com/?p=31314
The stationary fuel cell UPS and backup power market is experiencing double digit annual growth, admittedly from a low base. An increasing number of companies operating in the UPS and backup power markets have introduced fully certified products in geographies including Europe, America, China, Indonesia, and India. This certification is enabling these companies [...]]]>


The stationary fuel cell UPS and backup power market is experiencing double digit annual growth, admittedly from a low base. An increasing number of companies operating in the UPS and backup power markets have introduced fully certified products in geographies including Europe, America, China, Indonesia, and India. This certification is enabling these companies to move quickly through the low volume, quasi-automated, production phase of market development.



Within this dynamic phase of industry growth, we are starting to see a number of companies and markets appearing. Many key industry players are now understanding that their most importance competency is their ability to produce the fuel cell systems, which can then be integrated into the product line of a current UPS or telecom market industry supplier. This approach allows the fuel cell company to leverage not only the existing customer base of the current industry supplier, but also its reputation and presence.

This Pike Research report evaluates 10 of the leading UPS and backup power fuel cell developers and rates them on 12 criteria for strategy and execution, including go-to-market strategy, product portfolio, partnerships, innovation, reach, market share, pricing, and staying power. Using Pike Research’s proprietary Pike Pulse methodology, developers are profiled, rated, and ranked with the goal of providing industry participants with an objective assessment of these companies’ relative strengths and weaknesses in the rapidly growing UPS and backup power stationary fuel cell market.

Top 10 Vendors:

1.  Dantherm Power

2.  Altergy

3.  Hydrogenics

4.  IdaTech

5.  ReliOn

6.  Electro Power

7.  Diverse Energy

8.  P21

9.  IRD

10.  FutureE

Key Questions Addressed:

• Who are the leading manufacturers of UPS and backup power stationary fuel cell systems?
• What are the evolving business models and global company positioning?
• Which companies are explorers and which are settlers, and why this is important?
• Which companies are potentially facing issues with the ramp-up to full commercialization?
• What business relationships are critical to long-term success in the market? What are the key obstacles facing various conversion pathways?
• What end-market obstacles persist and how can they be overcome?
• How will emerging demand from aviation, chemical, and military stakeholders impact the commercialization of advanced biofuels?
• What supply chain challenges must be overcome for biofuels to achieve widespread scale-up?

Who needs this report?

• Stationary fuel cell manufacturers
• Energy companies
• Telecommunications companies
• Data center operators
• Government agencies
• Industry associations
• Investor community

Table of Contents

1.     Executive Summary

1.1  Introduction

2.     Market Overview

2.1  Market Definition

2.1.1    Backup Power

2.2  Global Market for UPS and Backup Power

2.3  Incumbent Technologies

2.3.1    Batteries

2.3.1.1    Economics of Battery UPS

2.3.2    Gensets

2.3.2.1    Economics of Gensets

2.4  Business Models

2.5  Market Trends

2.5.1    Explorers vs. Settlers

2.5.2    Geography

2.5.3    ARRA

2.5.3.1    Sprint Communications ($7.3 million)

2.5.3.2    ReliOn, Inc. ($8.6 million)

2.6  Market Drivers

2.6.1    Commercial

2.6.1.1    Grid Outages

3.     The Pike Pulse

3.1  Pike Pulse Grid

3.2  Company Rankings

3.2.1    Leaders

3.2.1.1    Dantherm Power

3.2.1.2    Altergy

3.2.2    Contenders

3.2.2.1    Hydrogenics

3.2.2.2    IdaTech

3.2.2.3    ReliOn

3.2.2.4    Electro Power Systems (EPS)

3.2.2.5    Diverse Energy

3.2.3    Challengers

3.2.3.1    IRD

3.2.3.2    P21 (Heliocentris)

3.2.3.3    FutureE

3.2.3.4    Axane

3.2.3.5    Helion

3.2.3.6    Cellkraft

3.3  Stationary Fuel Cells Overall Pike Pulse

4.     Vendor Profiles

4.1  Leaders

4.1.1    Dantherm Power (PEM: Denmark)

4.1.2    Altergy (PEM: United States and South Africa)

4.2  Contenders

4.2.1    Hydrogenics (PEM: Canada)

4.2.2    IdaTech (PEM: United States)

4.2.3    ReliOn (PEM: United States)

4.2.4    Electro Power Systems (PEM: Italy)

4.2.5    Diverse Energy (PEM: United Kingdom)

4.3  Challengers

4.3.1    IRD (DMFC, PEM: Denmark)

4.3.2    P21 (Heliocentris) (PEM: Germany)

4.3.3    FutureE (PEM: Germany)

4.3.4    Axane (PEM: France)

4.3.5    Helion (PEM: France)

4.3.6    Cellkraft (PEM: Sweden)

4.4  Followers

5.     Company Directory

6.     Acronym and Abbreviation List

7.     Table of Contents

8.     Table of Charts and Figures

9.     Methodology

9.1  Scope of Study

9.2  Sources and Methodology

9.2.1    Vendor Selection

9.2.2    Ratings Scale

9.2.2.1    Score Calculations

9.2.3    Criteria Definitions

9.2.3.1    Strategy

9.2.3.2    Execution

List of Charts and Figures

• The Pike Pulse Grid
• Fuel Cell Shipments by Application, World Markets: 2008-2010
• Breakdown by Unit Size of UPS and Standby Power Fuel Cell Systems Being Developed by Companies, World Markets: 2011
• State-by-State Grid Outages, United States: 2009
• The Pike Pulse Grid for UPS and Backup Power Companies
• The Pike Pulse Grid for Stationary Fuel Cell Developer Companies
• Diverse Energy Strategy & Execution Scores
• Electro Power Systems Strategy & Execution Scores
• FutureE Strategy & Execution Scores
• Axane Strategy & Execution Scores
• Cellkraft Strategy & Execution Scores
• Dantherm Power Strategy & Execution Scores
• Helion Strategy & Execution Scores
• IRD Strategy & Execution Scores
• P21 (Heliocentris) Strategy & Execution Scores
• Hydrogenics Strategy & Execution Scores
• IdaTech Strategy & Execution Scores
• ReliOn Strategy & Execution Scores
• Altergy Strategy & Execution Scores

List of Tables

• Vendor Overall Scores
• Overview Table of UPS and Backup Power Stationary Fuel Cell Applications
• Overview Table of Vendor Product Size
• Downtime Costs by Industry: 2011
• Fuel Cell Shipments by Application, World Markets: 2008-2010
• Breakdown by Unit Size of UPS and Standby Power Fuel Cell Systems Being Developed by Companies, World Markets: 2011
• Vendor Overall Scores (UPS and Backup Power Companies)
• The Pike Pulse Grid for Stationary Fuel Cell Companies
• Vendor Scores
• Vendor Scores on Strategy Criteria
• Vendor Scores on Execution Criteria
]]> http://www.pikeresearch.com/research/pike-pulse-report-upsbackup-power-stationary-fuel-cells/feed 0 http://www.pikeresearch.com/research/fuel-cells-for-auxiliary-power-unit-applications http://www.pikeresearch.com/research/fuel-cells-for-auxiliary-power-unit-applications#comments Tue, 22 Nov 2011 18:45:44 +0000 Kristi Anderson http://www.pikeresearch.com/?p=30536
Fuel cells are increasingly being utilized as auxiliary power units (APUs) in specialized transportation applications that require hoteling loads for vehicles. The hoteling load is any electrical power that is required by the vehicle for purposes other than the primary propulsion system, including such draws as heating and lighting. The four main market [...]]]>


Fuel cells are increasingly being utilized as auxiliary power units (APUs) in specialized transportation applications that require hoteling loads for vehicles. The hoteling load is any electrical power that is required by the vehicle for purposes other than the primary propulsion system, including such draws as heating and lighting. The four main market sectors for fuel cell APUs are marine, trucking, aviation, and recreational vehicles (RVs). All of these have the potential to use fuel cell technology initially in an APU function for vehicle hoteling loads but further down the developmental track, fuel cell technology could also be used to assist the primary propulsion unit.

Of the four key market sectors, the marine and aviation markets represent the areas where fuel cells, with their lower emissions and noise signatures, could have the largest impact. But both of these markets will require more substantial investment in R&D and technology development between now and 2020, before they are ready for widescale commercialization. During this period, the marine sector will begin to see an increased level of commercial activity. Pike Research anticipates that the RV sector, already the largest market for fuel cell APUs, will continue its steady growth during the coming decade, and trucking APUs will also continue to be a substantial part of the total market.

This Pike Research report analyzes the market potential for fuel cells to be utilized as APUs in marine, trucking, aviation, and RV markets. The study includes a comprehensive assessment of market drivers and barriers, technology issues, and key industry players in each of the four sectors. Forecasts are provided for each sector through 2020, including unit shipments, revenue, and total capacity in megawatts.

Key Questions Addressed:

• What are the current drivers for the development of fuel cell APU systems in RVs, marine, aviation, and trucking sectors?
• Why will development of these markets exhibit a much slower adoption rate than other fuel cell applications?
• Which regions will be the major centers of manufacturing and adoption between now and 2020?
• What are the revenue forecasts for the four key market sectors between 2011 and 2020?

Who needs this report?

• Fuel cell system developers
• Fuel cell stack developers
• Transportation companies
• Industry associations
• Government agencies
• Investor community

Table of Contents

1.      Executive Summary

1.1  Introduction

1.2  Market Developments to Date

2.      Market Developments: 2008-2010

2.1  APU System Shipments by Sector and Region

2.2  APU Shipments by Megawatts Shipped

2.3  APU Revenue

3.      Marine

3.1  Introduction

3.2  Market Issues

3.2.1    Market Segmentation and Size

3.2.1.1    Ocean-Going Vessels

3.2.1.2    Ports

3.3  Market Drivers

3.3.1    Policy

3.3.1.1    Market-Based Mechanisms

3.3.1.2    Command and Control Policy

3.3.2    Fuel Price/Operator Drivers

3.4  Technology Issues

3.4.1    Time to Start

3.4.2    Ruggedization

3.4.3    Fuel Flexibility and Safety

3.4.4    Economics

4.      Trucking

4.1  Introduction

4.2  Market Issues

4.2.1    Market Segmentation and Size

4.3  Market Drivers

4.3.1    Policy

4.3.1.1    United States

4.3.1.1.1.  Emissions Policy

4.3.1.1.2.  Anti-Idling

4.3.1.2    European Union

4.3.1.3    China

4.3.2    Running Costs

4.4  Technology Issues

4.4.1    Competing Technologies

4.4.1.1    Generators

4.4.1.2    Battery APUs

4.4.2    Competing Models

4.4.3    OEM Tie Ups

5.      Aviation

5.1  Introduction

5.2  Market Issues

5.2.1    Market Segmentation and Size

5.3  Market Drivers

5.3.1    Policy

5.3.2    Running Costs

5.4  Technology Issues

5.4.1    Power/Stack Density

5.4.2    System Design/Size

5.4.3    Fuel/Reformer Technology

5.4.4    Startup Time

5.4.5    Robustness and Ability to Cope with Variable Loads

6.      Recreational Vehicles

6.1  Introduction

6.2  Market Issues

6.2.1    Market Segmentation and Size

6.3  Market Drivers

6.3.1    Policy

6.3.1.1    United States

6.3.1.2    Australia

6.3.2    Consumer Demand

6.4  Technology Issues

6.4.1    Competing Technologies

6.4.2    Costs

7.      Other Vehicles

7.1  Introduction

7.2  Trains

7.3  Mine Vehicles

8.      Key Industry Players

8.1  Introduction

8.2  Marine

8.2.1    Auriga Energy Ltd. (United Kingdom)

8.2.2    Det Norske Veritas (DNV) (Norway)

8.2.3    Eidesvik Offshore ASA (Norway)

8.2.4    Fronius (Germany)

8.2.5    HySolutions (Germany)

8.2.6    Topsoe Fuel Cell (Denmark)

8.2.7    University of Victoria (Canada)

8.2.8    Wärtsilä (Finland)

8.3  Trucking

8.3.1    Cummins Power Generation (United States)

8.3.2    Delphi (United States)

8.3.3    PowerCell Sweden (Sweden)

8.4  Aviation

8.4.1    Airbus (France)

8.4.2    Boeing (United States)

8.4.3    DLR (Germany)

8.4.4    Intelligent Energy (United Kingdom)

8.5  RVs

8.5.1    SFC Energy (Germany)

8.6  Other

8.6.1    Vehicle Projects LLC (United States)

9.      Market Forecasts

9.1  Introduction

9.2  Model Overview and Key Flex Points in Model

9.3  APU Fuel Cell Systems Shipped: 2009-2020

10.      Summary and Discussion
11.       Company Directory
12.      Acronym and Abbreviation List
13.      Table of Contents
14.      Table of Charts and Figures
15.      Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

• Relationship Between a Ship’s Speed and Fuel Consumption
• Weekly Retail On-Highway Diesel Prices, United States: 2009-2011
• View of Onboard APU for Commercial Aviation
• Alternate View of Onboard APU
• Fuel Cell APU Development, Systems Shipped by Region of Manufacture, World Markets: 2008-2011
• Fuel Cell APU Development, Systems Shipped by Region of Manufacture, World Markets: 2008-2011
• Fuel Cell APU Megawatts Shipped by Region, World Markets: 2008-2011
• Fuel Cell APU Revenue by Region, World Markets: 2008-2011
• Breakdown of Fuel Cell System Shipments by Sector, World Markets: 2010
• Breakdown of Shipping Fleet by Vessel Type, World Markets: 2009 and 2010
• Share of Shipping Fleet by Vessel Type, World Markets: 2010
• Average Bunker Fuel Price Volatility, World Markets: 2007-2011
• Truck Sales by Vehicle Class, United States: 1999-2008
• Breakdown of Class 8 Sleeper Park, United States: 2008
• New Commissioned Aircraft by Aircraft Size, World Markets: 2011-2030
• New Passenger Aircraft Deliveries by Region, World Markets: 2011-2030
• Aviation Revenue and Expenses, World Markets: 2002-2012
• Recreational Vehicle Market in Selected Countries: 2009-2010
• New Fuel Cell APU System Unit Shipments by Sector, World Markets: 2009-2020
• New Fuel Cell APU System Megawatt Shipments by Sector, World Markets: 2009-2020
• Fuel Cell APU Revenue by Sector, World Markets: 2009-2020
• Fuel Cell APU Share by Region of Manufacture, Europe and North America: 2020
• Fuel Cell APU Share by Region of Adoption, Europe and North America: 2020

List of Tables

• Summary and Overview of Key Findings
• Flash Points of Common Liquid Fuels
• Breakdown of Shipping Fleet, World Markets: 2009 and 2010
• World Container Ship Fleet by Top 20 Operators
• U.S. States with State-Level Anti-Idling Legislation (including Sleeper Cabs), as of January 2011
• Heavy-Duty Diesel Engine Emissions Standards, Europe
• Heavy-Duty Petrol and Natural Gas Engine Emissions Standards, Europe
• Heavy-Duty Emissions Standards, China
• New Commissioned Aircraft by Aircraft Size, World Markets: 2009
• New Passenger Aircraft Deliveries by Region, World Markets: 2011-2030
• Aircraft Revenue and Costs, World Markets: 2002-2012
• Summary and Overview of Key Findings
]]> http://www.pikeresearch.com/research/fuel-cells-for-auxiliary-power-unit-applications/feed 0 http://www.pikeresearch.com/research/vehicle-to-grid-technologies http://www.pikeresearch.com/research/vehicle-to-grid-technologies#comments Fri, 18 Nov 2011 01:21:06 +0000 Kristi Anderson http://www.pikeresearch.com/?p=30299
The batteries used in plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) will increasingly be utilized by property owners and grid operators to provide a wide variety of energy services. The power potential of the batteries can be used to reduce the utility costs of a building, or when aggregated with other vehicles or stationary energy storage sources, [...]]]>


The batteries used in plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) will increasingly be utilized by property owners and grid operators to provide a wide variety of energy services. The power potential of the batteries can be used to reduce the utility costs of a building, or when aggregated with other vehicles or stationary energy storage sources, to provide ancillary services such as frequency regulation. The expected penetration of PEVs will provide sufficient numbers to compete with stationary energy storage and traditional peaking power plants. The additional cost for upgrading PEVs to V2G is considered favorable to the creation of new power generation assets.

V2G is currently being tested in pilot projects around the world and will initially be pursued by fleets and large consumers of energy where vehicles have established schedules for being plugged in. The highest demand for V2G will be in energy markets that are more open to new technologies and with higher concentrations of intermittent renewable power. Bulk energy storage applications such as storing excess wind energy production at night and returning the power to the grid during times of higher demand have not been aggressively pursued due to the potential negative impact of frequent full discharging on the cycle life of the batteries.

This Pike Research report examines the market opportunity for V2G technologies to be utilized for demand response, vehicle to building, frequency regulation, and various other ancillary services to support grid reliability and stability. The study analyzes technology issues and policy factors associated with the growth of V2G, as well as key hurdles to adoption. The strategies of key market participants are profiled, and forecasts are provided for V2G-enabled vehicles and service revenues through 2017.

Key Questions Addressed:

• When will V2G become commercially viable as a consumer application?
• What role will fleets play in launching V2G services?
• What is the revenue potential for V2G-enabled vehicles in ancillary services?
• How do local energy market regulations impact the potential for V2G?
• What regions of the world will lead in V2G adoption?

Who needs this report?

• Auto manufacturers and suppliers
• Battery manufacturers
• Utilities
• Grid operators
• Energy aggregators and services companies
• Government agencies
• Industry associations
• Investor community

Table of Contents

1.      Executive Summary

1.1  Introduction

1.2  Market Evolution

1.3  Market Challenges

2.      Market Issues

2.1  Development of V2G

2.1.1    Automaker Participation

2.1.2    Recent V2G Developments

2.1.3    Utility Involvement in V2G

2.2  PEV Sales

2.3  Ancillary Services

2.3.1    Energy Storage and Ancillary Services

2.3.2    V2G Market Barriers

2.3.3    Regional Demand for V2G in Ancillary Services

2.3.3.1    Markets in North America

2.3.3.2    ISO Regions

2.3.3.3    Markets in Europe

2.3.3.4    Markets in Asia Pacific

2.3.3.4.1.  Japan

2.3.3.4.2.  Korea

2.3.3.4.3.  India

2.3.3.4.4.  China

2.3.3.5    Markets in the Middle East

2.3.4    Demand Response

2.4  Virtual Power Plants/Microgrids

2.5  Vehicle to Building (V2B)

2.5.1    Demand Charge Avoidance and Peak Shaving

2.5.2    Emergency and Backup Power

2.6  Battery Charge and Discharge Rates

2.6.1    Bidirectional Power Delivery

2.6.2    Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles

2.7  Management of PEVs

2.7.1    Smart Charging Management

2.7.2    Data Analytics

2.8  Equipment Requirements

2.8.1    Onboard Equipment

2.8.2    Premise Equipment

2.8.3    Utility Upgrades

2.9  Permitting

3.      Marketing and Commercialization

3.1  V2G Applicability of Ancillary Services

3.2  V2G Revenue Potential

3.2.1    Regulation Services

3.2.2    Demand Response

3.2.3    Pay-for-Performance

3.2.4    Battery Leasing

3.3  Battery Availability for V2G

3.4  V2G Case Studies

3.4.1    Amsterdam Smart City

3.4.2    Better Place – Israel and Denmark

3.4.3    DOE-Chrysler Trucks

3.4.4    EDISON Project

3.4.5    Green Crossover Town

3.4.6    Los Angeles Air Force Base

3.4.7    Maui Smart Grid Demonstration Project

3.4.8    MeRegio Mobil

4.      Industry Drivers

4.1  Fleets

4.2  Trucks

4.3  Employers

4.4  Military

4.5  Expansion of Renewable Power Generation

4.5.1    Wind

4.5.2    Solar

4.6  Energy Aggregators and Energy Service Companies

5.      Technology Issues

5.1  Security

5.2  Communications Standards

5.3  Safety Standard

5.4  Impact on Vehicle Batteries

6.      Key Industry Players

6.1  AC Propulsion

6.2  AutoPort Inc.

6.3  Better Place

6.4  Bosch

6.5  Coulomb Technologies Inc.

6.6  Daimler

6.7  Dansk Energi

6.8  Dong Energy

6.9  Eetrex Inc.

6.10  EnBW

6.11  Energinet.dk

6.12  Envision Solar

6.13  Fleet Energy Company

6.14  GE

6.15  Grid2Home

6.16  Hitachi

6.17  IBM

6.18  ITOCHU

6.19  Mazda

6.20  Mitsubishi

6.21  National Grid

6.22  Nissan Motor Corp.

6.23  NRG Energy

6.24  Nuvve

6.25  PGE

6.26  PJM

6.27  Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

6.28  Ricardo

6.29  RWE

6.30  SAP

6.31  SAE International

6.32  Siemens

6.33  Silver Spring Networks

6.34  TARDEC

6.35  Tendril

6.36  University of Delaware

6.37  Zam Energy

7.      Market Forecasts

7.1  V2G-Enabled Light-Duty Vehicles

7.2  V2G-Enabled Light-Duty Fleet Vehicles

7.3  V2G Investment

7.4  V2G-Enabled MD/HD Trucks

7.5   V2G-Enabled LD Vehicle Revenue from Ancillary Services

7.6   V2G-Enabled MD/HD Truck Revenue from Ancillary Services

8.       Company Directory
9.       Acronym and Abbreviation List
10.     Table of Contents
11.     Table of Charts and Figures
12.    Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

• V2G Applications and Participants
• Diagram of Vehicle and Grid Interaction in V2G
• States with Deregulated Electricity Markets
• The European Grid’s Five Synchronous Areas
• V2G-enabled PEV
• Green Crossover Town Project Diagram
• Cumulative Light-Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Total Ancillary Services Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Light-Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Light-Duty PEV Fleet Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• MD/HD Plug-in Trucks, Class 3-8 Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Cumulative Employer-Owned EV Charging Equipment Sales by Region: World Markets:  2011-2017
• Cumulative Installed Wind Capacity by Region, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Annual V2G-enabled Light-duty PEV Sales, World Markets: 2011-2017
• V2G-Enabled Light-Duty Fleet PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Vehicle Investment, V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEVs, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Cumulative V2G-Enabled MD/HD Trucks, Class 3-8 Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Total Ancillary Services Revenue, V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEVs, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Ancillary Services Revenue, V2G-Enabled MD/HD Trucks, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017

List of Tables

• Ancillary Services Overview
• Comparison of Battery Utility for Ancillary Services
• Cumulative Light-Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Light-Duty PHEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Light-Duty BEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Light-Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Light-Duty PHEV Fleet Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Light-Duty BEV Fleet Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Light-Duty PEV Fleet Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Cumulative EVSE Unit Sales by Region, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Cumulative Employer-Owned EV Charging Equipment Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• MD/HD Plug-in Truck, Class 3-8 Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Cumulative Workplace Charging Equipment Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Cumulative Installed Wind Capacity by Country, World Markets:  2011-2017
• V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Cumulative V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• V2G-Enabled Light-Duty Fleet PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Cumulative V2G-Enabled Fleet PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Vehicle Investment, V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEVs, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Vehicle Investment, V2G-Enabled Light-Duty Fleet PEVs, World Markets: 2011-2017
• V2G Infrastructure Investment, Light-Duty PEVs, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Cumulative Capacity of V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEVs by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Cumulative Storage Capacity of V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEVs by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• V2G-Enabled MD/HD PEV Trucks, Class 3-8 Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Cumulative V2G-Enabled MD/HD PEV Trucks, Class 3-8 Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Cumulative Capacity of V2G-Enabled MD/HD Trucks, Class 3-8,  World Markets: 2011-2017
• Cumulative Storage Capacity of V2G-Enabled MD/HD Trucks, Class 3-8, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Vehicle Investment, V2G-Enabled MD/HD Trucks, Class 3-8, World Markets: 2011-2017
• V2G Infrastructure Investment, MD/HD Trucks, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Frequency Regulation Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Frequency Regulation Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Demand Response Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Demand Response Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Other Ancillary Services Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Other Ancillary Services Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Total Ancillary Services Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Total Ancillary Services Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Frequency Regulation Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Frequency Regulation Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Demand Response Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Demand Response Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Other Ancillary Services Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Other Ancillary Services Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Ancillary Services Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Ancillary Services Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
]]> http://www.pikeresearch.com/research/vehicle-to-grid-technologies/feed 0 http://www.pikeresearch.com/research/concentrated-solar-power http://www.pikeresearch.com/research/concentrated-solar-power#comments Thu, 17 Nov 2011 00:00:11 +0000 Kristi Anderson http://www.pikeresearch.com/?p=30236
Concentrated solar power (CSP) has been a “start-stop” industry since the 1500s, when Leonardo da Vinci conceived the use of a parabolic mirror concentrator to heat water for dyeing cloths. It is plausible that da Vinci failed to design a CSP system that was cost competitive with the primary fossil fuel of his time, [...]]]>


Concentrated solar power (CSP) has been a “start-stop” industry since the 1500s, when Leonardo da Vinci conceived the use of a parabolic mirror concentrator to heat water for dyeing cloths. It is plausible that da Vinci failed to design a CSP system that was cost competitive with the primary fossil fuel of his time, chopped wood. More than 490 years after da Vinci’s death, nine CSP systems, SEGS I-IX from Luz Industries, came online during the late 1980s. Like da Vinci, Luz was unable to compete with a modern equivalent of chopped wood, natural gas.

A CSP revival was jump-started in 2004 as policy announcements at that time inspired investors and engineers to start developing again. The movement gained steam when PV prices peaked in 2008 resulting in a 300% gain in global CSP operational capacity from 2008-2011. CSP growth came to a rapid stop in 2011 when PV module price decreases, combined with the PV’s proven bankability, drove several of high profile U.S. projects to convert from CSP to PV.

This Pike Research report provides an in depth analysis of technology issues and policy trends driving concentrated solar power adoption in the United States, Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, India, and China. The study analyzes the perceived threat from solar photovoltaics and assesses the key challenges and opportunities presented by regional policies, capital environments, utility scale demand, and solar resources well suited for CSP. Market forecasts extend through 2020 and include projections for installed capacity and revenue by region.

Key Questions Addressed:

• Which countries will drive CSP technology development and adoption, and why?
• How will regional renewable energy policies, feed-in tariffs, government-backed loan guarantees, and research grants drive CSP forward?
• How do policy and capital environments compare across China, India, MENA, Europe, and the United States?
• How have PV performance and price drops affected CSP projects?
• What are the underlying reasons for the recent conversion of 2.2 GW of U.S. based CSP capacity?
• What are the key factors that will drive current CSP market decline and recovery in 2016?

Who needs this report?

• Concentrated solar power technology companies
• Project developers
• Utilities
• Industry associations
• Government agencies
• Investor community

Table of Contents

1.      Executive Summary

1.1  Introduction

1.2  Industry Growth

2.      Technology and Applications

2.1  Technology Overview

2.2  Anatomy of Main System Configurations

2.2.1    Power Tower

2.2.2    Parabolic Trough

2.2.3    Dish

2.2.4    Linear Fresnel Lens

2.3  CSP Applications

2.3.1    Standalone Power Generation

2.3.2    Hybridization with Fossil Fuels: Integrated Solar Combined Cycle (ISCC)

2.3.3    Energy Storage

2.3.4    Process Heat

2.4  Natural Resource: Solar Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI)

2.5  Competition from Photovoltaics

2.6  Water Usage and the Challenge from PV

3.      Market Issues

3.1  Introduction

3.2  Commercial History

3.3  Market Drivers

3.3.1    Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Reduction

3.3.2    Energy Security

3.3.3    Energy Supply Diversification

3.3.4    Renewable Portfolio Standards (United States)

3.3.5    Policies and Incentives

3.3.5.1    Feed-In Tariffs

3.3.5.2    Government-Backed Loan Guarantees

3.3.5.3    Tax Breaks, Subsidies, and Incentives

3.3.5.4    Worldwide Incentives

3.3.6    Policy Trends: United States, Europe, MENA, India, China, and Australia

3.3.6.1    United States

3.3.6.2    European Union: Spain and Italy

3.3.6.3    Middle East and North Africa

3.3.6.4    India

3.3.6.5    China

3.3.6.6    Australia

3.3.7    R&D Grants and Subsidies

3.3.8    Private Sector Investments

3.4  Market Barriers

3.4.1    Permitting

3.4.2    Financing

3.4.3    Transmission

4.      Key Markets

4.1  United States

4.1.1    U.S. Market Disparity

4.1.2    U.S. Market Drivers and Opportunities

4.2  European Union

4.3  Middle East and North Africa

4.3.1    Masdar

4.3.2    MASEN

4.3.3    DESERTEC

4.4  India

4.5  China

4.6  Australia

5.      Key Industry Players

5.1  Abengoa Solar

5.2  ACCIONA Energy

5.3  AREVA

5.4  BrightSource Energy

5.5  China Renewable Energy Scale-up Program (CRESP)

5.6  DESERTEC Foundation

5.7  eSolar

5.8  Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (India’s Solar Mission)

5.9  Masdar

5.10  Morocco Agency for Solar Energy (MASEN)

5.11  NextEra Energy Resources

5.12  Novatec

5.13  SCHOTT Solar

5.14  Siemens

5.15  Solar Millennium (and Solar Trust of America)

5.16  SolarReserve

5.17  Torresol

6.      Market Forecasts

6.1  Methodology

6.2  Flex Points in Model

6.2.1    Incentives

6.2.2    Regional Politics and Policies

6.2.3    Technology

6.2.4    Market Conditions

6.2.5    Recent Signals

6.3  Global CSP Market Forecast

6.4  Regional Breakdown

6.4.1    United States

6.4.2    Europe

6.4.3    MENA

6.4.4    India

6.4.5    China

6.4.6    Australia

6.5  Market Value by Region, World Markets

6.5.1    United States

6.5.2    Europe

6.5.3    MENA

6.5.4    India

6.5.5    China

6.5.6    Australia

7.      Company Directory
8.      Acronym and Abbreviation List
9.      Table of Contents
10.    Table of Charts and Figures
11.     Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

• CSP Project Announcements vs. Construction Starts, United States: October 2011
• CSP Revenue, World Markets: 2012-2020
• Current Project Pipeline, Announced, Under Development, and in Construction, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Total Primary Energy Demand, World Markets: 1990-2030
• CSP Project Announcements vs. Construction Starts, United States: October 2011
• Electric Power Industry Net Generation, United States: 2009
• CSP Capacity, World Markets: 2012-2020
• CSP Revenue, World Markets: 2012-2020
• CSP Capacity, United States: 1990-2020
• CSP Revenue, United States: 2012-2020
• CSP Capacity, Europe: 2007-2020
• CSP Revenue, Europe: 2011-2020
• CSP Capacity, MENA: 2011-2020
• CSP Revenue, MENA: 2011-2020
• CSP Capacity, India: 2012-2020
• CSP Revenue, India: 2012-2020
• CSP Capacity, China: 2012-2020
• CSP Revenue, China: 2012-2020
• Power Tower
• Parabolic Trough CSP Technology
• Dish Stirling
• Linear Fresnel Lens
• Simplified Steam Generation Flow Chart
• Stored Power Dispatch Principle
• Indirect vs. Direct Normal Irradiance
• Global Direct Normal Irradiance
• Coal-Fired Power Plants, United States
• Direct Normal Irradiance, United States
• High-Voltage Direct Current Transmission Lines, United States
• Direct Normal Irradiance, Europe and MENA
• DESERTEC Concept
• DNI, India
• DNI, China
• Population Density, China
• DNI, Australia

List of Tables

• Renewable Portfolio Standards by State, United States
• Renewable Energy Policies and Incentives, World Markets
• DOE Loan Guarantee Awards, United States: 2010-2011
• CSP Subsidies, MENA
• CSP Projects Awarded Under PPAs, United States
• CSP Projects, Europe
• CSP Projects, MENA
• CSP Projects, China
• CSP Projects, India
• CSP Project Announcements vs. Construction Starts, United States: October 2011
• Share of CSP Project Announcements vs. Construction Starts, United States: October 2011
• CSP Additional Capacity, United States: 1992-2020
• CSP Installed Capacity, United States: 1990-2020
• CSP Revenue, United States: 2012-2020
• CSP Additional Capacity, Europe: 2007-2020
• CSP Installed Capacity, Europe: 2007-2020
• CSP Revenue, Europe: 2011-2020
• CSP Additional Capacity, India: 2012-2020
• CSP Installed Capacity, India: 2012-2020
• CSP Revenue, India: 2012-2020
• CSP Additional Capacity, China: 2012-2020
• CSP Installed Capacity, China: 2012-2020
• CSP Revenue, China: 2012-2020
• CSP Additional Capacity, MENA: 2011-2020
• CSP Installed Capacity, MENA: 2011-2020
• CSP Revenue, MENA: 2011-2020
• CSP Installed Capacity, World Markets: 2012-2020
• CSP Revenue, World Markets: 2012-2020
• Project Pipeline by Region, World Markets: 2011-2020
• Existing MW Installed, World Markets
]]> http://www.pikeresearch.com/research/concentrated-solar-power/feed 0 http://www.pikeresearch.com/research/virtual-power-plants http://www.pikeresearch.com/research/virtual-power-plants#comments Sat, 12 Nov 2011 02:35:07 +0000 Kristi Anderson http://www.pikeresearch.com/?p=30160
Growing investments in distributed energy resources – renewable distributed energy generation, demand response (DR), energy storage, and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) – will require new business and technology platforms to manage the increased level of diversity and complexity. The increasing variability of both generation (from solar and wind) and loads (due to DR and PEVs) [...]]]>


Growing investments in distributed energy resources – renewable distributed energy generation, demand response (DR), energy storage, and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) – will require new business and technology platforms to manage the increased level of diversity and complexity. The increasing variability of both generation (from solar and wind) and loads (due to DR and PEVs) will also require more sophisticated and decentralized decision making. As a result of all of these factors, interest in virtual power plants (VPPs) is gaining significant momentum within the industry.

One of the best ways to capture the essence of today’s most commercially viable VPP is this simple definition: the ability to tap resources in real time, and with enough granularity, to control the load profiles of customers, aggregate these resources, and put them up on a trader’s desk. Unlike microgrids, utilities will have to play a major role in the evolution of the VPP market, by nature of their reliance upon the transmission and distribution grid infrastructure, including smart meters. While there are several distinct segments within the VPP market, there is currently an explosion of interest in DR-based VPPs, which are expected to continue leading the way in terms of capacity additions over the next few years.

This Pike Research report provides an in-depth assessment of the market opportunity for VPPs including a comprehensive examination of the four major market segments: demand response-based VPPs, supply-side VPPs, mixed asset VPPs, and wholesale auction VPPs. The report includes detailed market forecasts through 2017, including three growth scenarios for each segment. The study also provides profiles and SWOT analysis for key industry players in the VPP market.

Key Questions Addressed:

• What is a “virtual power plant” and how do definitions differ in different parts of the world?
• Is a “virtual power plant” the same as a “microgrid“ or even the “smart grid?”
• How do the four VPP segments differ, and what do long-term trends suggest in terms of the dominant resources that will comprise future VPPs?
• Why are large companies such as GE, Cisco, IBM, and Schneider Electric entering this market?
• Who are the leading small innovators in the VPP space?
• What are the key gateway technologies that will accelerate VPP deployments beyond 2017?
• What are the policy drivers for VPPs in different parts of the world?
• What are key implementation issues for VPPs?
• Why are the United States, Germany, Denmark, Japan, and China such hot spots for VPPs?

Who needs this report?

• Utilities
• Smart grid hardware and software vendors
• Demand response providers
• IT software and services companies
• Government agencies
• Investor community

Table of Contents

1.      Executive Summary

1.1  Virtual Power Plant Market Overview

1.2  Market Forecasts

2.      Market Issues

2.1  VPP Definitions, Key Components, and Trends

2.1.1    Pike Research’s Working Definition

2.1.2    VPPs and Microgrids:  Similarities and Contrasts

2.1.3    Merging of Microgrid/VPP Models

2.1.4    What Specific Smart Grid Steps Support VPPs?

2.1.5    Global VPP Market Insights

2.1.6    Virtual Aggregation and Optimization Trends

2.2  The Business Case for VPPs

2.2.1    Better Generation Asset Utilization

2.2.2    Greater Flexibility in Meeting Power Demand

2.2.3    VPP Synergy with DR 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0

2.2.4    Modular, Nimble, and Diverse Supply Portfolios

2.2.5    Automated Dispatch Capability

2.2.6    Economic, Environmental, and Reliability Optimization Strategies

2.2.7    Bridging the Divide between Wholesale and Retail Markets

2.2.8    Net Cost of VPP Alternatives

2.2.9    Tipping Point Value for VPPs

2.3  Current Market Opportunities

2.3.1    Smart Grid Upgrades

2.3.2    Climate Change Considerations

2.3.3    Trends toward Real-Time, Time-of-Use Pricing

2.3.4    IT Crossovers into Power Markets

2.3.5    Community Solar and Virtual Net Metering

2.3.6    Community Choice Aggregation

2.3.7    Key Advantages of VPP over Microgrid

2.4  Implementation Issues

2.4.1    Lack of VPP Definitions, Incentives, and Policies

2.4.2    Lack of VPP Standards and Certifications

2.4.3    Current Consumer Backlash against Smart Grid Rollouts

2.4.4    Price Spikes, Big Brother, and Emerging EMF/RF Concerns

3.      Technology Issues

3.1  Key VPP Component Overview

3.1.1    Evolution of Electricity Markets

3.1.2    What Are the Top Two Technology Drivers for VPPs?

3.2  Renewable Distributed Energy Generation

3.2.1    Basic Principles

3.2.2    Strengths and Weaknesses

3.2.3    Commercial Time Horizon

3.3  Demand Response

3.3.1    Strengths and Weaknesses

3.3.2    Commercial Time Horizon

3.4  Advanced Energy Storage Technologies

3.4.1    Strengths and Weaknesses

3.4.2    Commercial Time Horizon

3.4.2.1    Lithium Ion Batteries

3.4.2.2    Sodium Sulfur Batteries

3.4.2.3    Flow Batteries

3.4.2.4    Flywheels

3.4.2.5    Compressed Air Energy Storage

3.4.2.6    Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage

3.5  Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

3.5.1    Strengths and Weaknesses

3.5.2    Commercial Time Horizon

3.6  Smart Inverters

3.6.1    Strengths and Weaknesses

3.6.2   Commercial Time Horizon

4.      Key Industry Players

4.1  Utilities

4.1.1    DONG Energy

4.1.2    Duke Energy

4.1.3    Xcel Energy

4.1.4    Southern California Edison

4.2  Large Non-Utility Players

4.2.1    Cisco

4.2.2    Schneider Electric

4.2.3    Siemens

4.2.4    IBM

4.2.5    General Electric

4.2.6    Alstom Grid

4.3  Demand Response Aggregators and Enablers

4.3.1    EnerNOC

4.3.2    Comverge

4.3.3    Consert

4.4  VPP Platform Trail Blazers

4.4.1    Spirae, Inc.

4.4.2    Power Analytics

4.4.3    Calico Energy

4.4.4    OSIsoft

4.4.5    Blue Pillar

4.5  VPP Optimization Software Firms

4.5.1    Ventyx

4.5.2    Viridity Energy

4.6  Storage, Smart Inverter, and Smart Switch Innovators

4.6.1    Xtreme Power

4.6.2    Princeton Power Systems

4.6.3    S&C Electric

5.      Market Forecasts

5.1  Market Overview

5.1.1    VPP Financial Incentives and Public Policies

5.1.1.1    Net Metering Policies

5.1.1.2    Feed-in Tariffs

5.1.1.3    Interconnection and Permitting Standards

5.1.1.4    Public Benefit Funds

5.1.1.5    Rebate Programs and Grants

5.1.1.6    Renewable Portfolio Standards

5.1.1.7    Renewable Energy Certificates

5.2  Policy Supports per Geography

5.2.1    United States

5.2.1.1    The Energy Independence and Security Act

5.2.1.2    FERC Order Number 676-F

5.2.1.3    FERC Order Number 719

5.2.1.4    FERC Order 745

5.2.2    European Union

5.2.2.1    Denmark

5.2.2.2    Germany

5.2.2.3    United Kingdom

5.2.2.4    Spain

5.2.2.5    Italy

5.2.2.6    France

5.2.3    Asia Pacific

5.2.3.1    Japan

5.2.3.2    China

5.2.3.3    Korea

5.2.4    India

5.2.4.1    Australia

5.2.4.2    New Zealand

5.2.5    Rest of the World

5.2.5.1    Latin America

5.2.5.2    Middle East and Africa

5.3  DR-VPP Forecasts

5.3.1    Case Study: Northern Westchester County Energy Action in New York

5.3.2    Global Overview of DR- VPPs

5.4  Supply Side VPP Forecasts

5.4.3    North America

5.4.4    Europe

5.4.5    Asia Pacific

5.4.6    Rest of the World

5.5  Mixed Asset VPPs

5.5.1    E-Energy

5.5.2    Global Overview

5.5.3    North America

5.5.4    Europe

5.5.5    Asia Pacific

5.5.6    Rest of the World

5.6  Wholesale Auction VPPs

6.      Company Directory
7.      Acronym and Abbreviation List
8.      Table of Contents
9.      Table of Charts and Figures
10.    Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

• VPP Diagram from Siemens, Founder of VPP Supply Concept
• VPP:  An Internet of Energy
• Potential VPP Grid Services Portfolio
• Hybrid Microgrid-VPP Networks for College Campuses
• Top Solar PV Markets (Distributed and Non-Distributed), 2010 (MW)
• VPP Conceptual Diagram
• Depiction of DR-VPP
• The DR Market Today:  1% to 2% of Summer Peak Days/Hours
• VPP Balances and Integrates Diverse Resources
• Moving from Disconnected to Dynamic Energy Management
• Basic Smart Grid Network Components in the United States
• DC Devices within the Typical Home
• RF Emissions Comparison of Household Devices and Smart Meters
• Before and After Smart Grid Technology
• Cutting Peak Demand via Distributed Generation
• California versus Germany:  Solar PV Capacity
• Many State Small Wind Incentives Curtailed or Suspended in 2011
• A Typical Residential Load Profile over a 24-Hour Day
• Transmission and Distribution Storage Applications
• End-Use Customer Storage Applications
• Worldwide Announced Storage Capacity for Electricity Markets: 4Q11
• Daily Fluctuations in Wind Power Production in the Pacific Northwest
• Smart Inverter Transforms Microgrid into VPP
• Smart Inverter Forecast Trend Lines
• Denmark’s Island of Bornholm VPP
• McApline Creek VPP
• Current and Projected Wind Generation for Xcel Energy
• Load Impacts of PHEVs on SCE’s Peak Load
• Model Mannheim Smart Microgrid Cells
• Alstom Grid VPP Projects in the United States and Europe
• Consert’s View of DR Market Value
• Denmark’s Cell Controller VPP
• Calico Energy’s Worldview on VPP Optimizations
• Blue Pillar’s View of Competitive Landscape
• Xtreme Power’s Storage System Service Portfolio
• Central High-Frequency Link for Four Bi-Directional Loads/Resources
• Net Metering Landscape in the United States
• U.S. State RPS Landscape
• United States and Canadian RTOs
• Europe’s Proposed SuperGrid in the North Sea (Phase 1)
• Combined Power Plant Map, Germany
• DR Capacity, All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Total VPP Capacity (DR, Supply-Side and Mixed Asset), All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Total VPP Revenue (DR, Supply-Side and Mixed Asset), All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Wholesale Auction VPP Revenue, All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Renewable Distributed Generation Capacity Additions, World Markets: 2009
• Annual RDEG Capacity Additions, World Markets: 2009-2015
• Cumulative Capacity Forecast by ESS for Ancillary Services Application, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Total EV Charging Station Unit Sales by Region, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Total VPP Capacity (DR, Supply-Side and Mixed Asset), All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Total VPP Revenue (DR, Supply-Side and Mixed Asset), All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• DR Capacity, All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• DR Revenue, All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• DR Capacity, Dynamic Pricing, Market Segments:  2011-2017
• Supply-Side VPP Capacity, All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Supply-Side VPP Revenue, All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Mixed Asset VPP Capacity, All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Mixed Asset VPP Revenue, All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Wholesale Auction VPP Capacity, All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Wholesale Auction VPP Revenue, All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• DR Capacity, Managed Load Reduction, Market Segments:  2011-2017
• DR Capacity, Managed Load Reduction, World Markets:  2011-2017
• DR Capacity, Dynamic Pricing, World Markets:  2011-2017
• DR Revenue, Managed Load Reduction, Market Segments:  2011-2017
• DR Revenue, Managed Load Reduction, World Markets:  2011-2017
• DR Revenue, Dynamic Pricing, Market Segments:  2011-2017
• DR Revenue, Dynamic Pricing, World Markets:  2011-2017

List of Tables

• SWOT Analysis for VPPs
• VPP vs. Central Station Plant Comparison
• RDEG SWOT Analysis for VPPs
• DR SWOT Analysis for VPPs
• Energy Storage SWOT Analysis for VPPs
• VPP ISO/Renewables Storage Application Comparison
• PHEV SWOT Analysis for VPPs
• Smart Inverter SWOT Analysis for VPPs
• DONG Energy SWOT Analysis
• Duke Energy SWOT Analysis
• Xcel Energy SWOT Analysis
• SCE SWOT Analysis
• Cisco SWOT Analysis
• Schneider Electric SWOT Analysis
• Siemens SWOT Analysis
• IBM SWOT Analysis
• GE SWOT Analysis
• Alstom SWOT Analysis
• EnerNOC SWOT Analysis
• Comverge SWOT Analysis
• Consert SWOT Analysis
• Spirae SWOT Analysis
• Power Analytics SWOT Analysis
• Calico Energy SWOT Analysis
• OSIsoft SWOT Analysis
• Blue Pillar SWOT Analysis
• Ventyx SWOT Analysis
• Viridity SWOT Analysis
• Xtreme Power SWOT Analysis
• Princeton Power Systems SWOT Analysis
• S&C Electric SWOT Analysis
• Total VPP Capacity, Base Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Total VPP Capacity, Average Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Total VPP Capacity, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Total VPP Revenue, Base Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Total VPP Revenue, Average Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Total VPP Revenue, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• DR Capacity, All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• DR Capacity, Managed Load Reduction, Market Segments:  2011-2017
• DR Capacity, Managed Load Reduction, World Markets:  2011-2017
• DR Capacity, Dynamic Pricing, Market Segments:  2011-2017
• DR Capacity, Dynamic Pricing, World Markets:  2011-2017
• DR Revenue, All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• DR Revenue, Managed Load Reduction, Market Segments:  2011-2017
• DR Revenue, Managed Load Reduction, World Markets:  2011-2017
• DR Revenue, Dynamic Pricing, Market Segments:  2011-2017
• DR Revenue, Dynamic Pricing, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Supply-Side VPP Capacity, Base Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Supply-Side VPP Capacity, Average Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Supply-Side VPP Capacity, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Supply-Side VPP Revenue, Base Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Supply-Side VPP Revenue, Average Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Supply-Side VPP Revenue, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Mixed Asset VPP Capacity, Base Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Mixed Asset VPP Capacity, Average Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Mixed Asset VPP Capacity, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Mixed Asset VPP Revenue, Base Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Mixed Asset VPP Revenue, Average Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Mixed Asset VPP Revenue, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Wholesale Auction VPP Capacity, Base Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Wholesale Auction VPP Capacity, Average Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Wholesale Auction VPP Capacity, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Wholesale Auction VPP Revenue, Base Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Wholesale Auction VPP Revenue, Average Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Wholesale Auction VPP Revenue, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Global Summary – Renewable Energy Policies & Incentives
]]> http://www.pikeresearch.com/research/virtual-power-plants/feed 0 http://www.pikeresearch.com/research/utility-cyber-security http://www.pikeresearch.com/research/utility-cyber-security#comments Mon, 07 Nov 2011 17:57:44 +0000 Kristi Anderson http://www.pikeresearch.com/?p=29923
Utility cyber security is in a state of near chaos. After years of vendors selling point solutions, utilities investing in compliance minimums rather than full security, and attackers having nearly free rein, the attackers clearly have the upper hand. Many attacks simply cannot be defended. Pike Research has observed a dawning awareness [...]]]>


Utility cyber security is in a state of near chaos. After years of vendors selling point solutions, utilities investing in compliance minimums rather than full security, and attackers having nearly free rein, the attackers clearly have the upper hand. Many attacks simply cannot be defended. Pike Research has observed a dawning awareness by utilities during the past 18 months of the importance of securing smart grids with architecturally sound solutions. There is hope.

However, cyber security solutions remain challenging to implement, especially as attackers gain awareness of the holes between point solutions. Security vendors have finally found time to focus on industrial control system (ICS) security, not only on advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) security – although a few security vendors have focused on ICS from the outset. The utility cyber security market will be characterized by a frantic race to gain the upper hand against the attackers, while at the same time strong competitors attempt to outdo each other.

This Pike Research white paper assesses seven key trends that will be prominent issues in the utility cyber security market in 2012 and beyond, as the industry deals with increased uncertainty associated with smart grid enhancements in combination with external threats. Analysis in this paper is drawn from the firm’s ongoing smart grid security research coverage, with forecasts, facts, and figures for key market sectors.

What does this report answer?

• What factors could drive smart grid cyber security investment?
• How important could industrial control system (ICS) security be?
• What has changed since Stuxnet was discovered?
• What is the effect of the lack of smart grid cyber security standards?
• What are the most promising smart grid cyber security technologies?

Who needs this report?

• Smart grid security vendors
• Smart grid hardware and software companies
• Systems integrators
• Utilities
• Government agencies
• Industry associations
• Investor community

Table of Contents

1.      Executive Summary

1.1   Seven Trends to Watch in Utility Cyber Security

2.      Seven Utility Cyber Security Trends To Watch

2.1   One Size Doesn’t Fit All: Cyber Security Investments will be Shaped by Regional Deployments

2.2   Industrial Control Systems, not Smart Meters, will be the Primary Cyber Security Focus

2.3   Assume Nothing: “Security by Obscurity” Will No Longer be Acceptable

2.4   Chaos Ahead?: The Lack of Standards Will Likely Hinder Action

2.5   Aging Infrastructure: Older Devices will Continue to Pose Challenges

2.6   System Implementation will be More Important than Component Security

2.7   The Top Five Most Promising Smart Grid Cyber Security Technologies

2.7.1     Multi-Factor Authentication

2.7.2     Control Network Isolation

2.7.3     Application Whitelisting

2.7.4     Data Encryption

2.7.5     Security Event Logging and Correlation

3.      Acronym and Abbreviation List
4.      Additional Reading
5.      Table of Contents
6.      Table of Charts and Figures
7.      Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

• Smart Grid Cyber Security Revenue by Region, World Markets:  2011-2018
• Smart Grid Cyber Security Revenue by Segment, World Markets:  2011-2018
• Cumulative ICS Security Revenue by Region, World Markets:  2011-2018
• Paired-Firewall DMZ with Smartphone Directly Accessing SCADA Device
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