The marine and hydrokinetic industry is slowly progressing as the technologies are improving, major energy companies and utilities are making investments, industry associations are gaining lobbying power, and governments complete or update their country-level deployment targets and roadmaps, enact competitive financial incentives, and (in many cases) garner public support. But now the industry stands at a critical point and must deliver on its promise or risk losing investor interest and political support.

There are more than 100 marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) technologies being researched by companies and various organizations, including some strong university-industry partnerships. Sophisticated and well-financed testing centers are accelerating R&D activities and, as the focus now moves to commercialization, are also studying the potential environmental and other impacts of deploying hundreds of devices and transmission lines in areas that are frequented by fishermen, transport vessels, and marine life. Countries that have strong marine resources, such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, South Korea, and Portugal, have committed to supporting the industry in some capacity – with the United Kingdom being the clear leader.

This Pike Research report analyzes the global market opportunities to harness marine and hydrokinetic technologies for power generation. The study examines multiple MHK technologies including ocean wave, tidal stream, river hydrokinetic, ocean current, and ocean thermal technologies, assessing the relative advantages and disadvantages of the various options. Profiles and SWOT analysis are provided for key industry players and detailed market forecasts for installed capacity and revenue extend through 2017.

Key Questions Addressed:

• Which countries will lead in marine and hydrokinetic energy development over the next 6 years – and why?
• How did the global financial crisis and recession affect the marine and hydrokinetic market?
• Which companies are leading the pack for developing and deploying wave, tidal, ocean current, river hydrokinetic, and ocean thermal technologies?
• What countries have the best support for deployment of marine and hydrokinetic technologies?
• What does it cost to deploy and operate marine and hydrokinetic technologies?
• How do the various marine and hydrokinetic technologies compare against other renewable energy options?
• How much revenue will be generated by grid-connected marine and hydrokinetic technologies by 2017?

Who needs this report?

• Marine and hydrokinetic technology component manufacturers
• Marine and hydrokinetic technology service providers
• Economic development agencies
• Industry associations
• Government agencies
• Utilities
• Investor community

Table of Contents

1.      Executive Summary

1.1   Introduction

1.2   MHK Market Potential

1.3   MHK Landscape

1.4   MHK Market Forecast

2.      Market Issues

2.1   Water Power: World’s Largest Renewable Electricity Source

2.1.1     Measuring Water Power

2.1.2     Opportunity for Water Power

2.1.3     Types of Water Power: Advantages and Disadvantages

2.1.4     Renewed U.S. Interest in MHK as a Scalable Source of Non-Polluting Electricity

2.2   Current Status of Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy and Key Trends

2.2.1     MHK Landscape

2.2.2     The Wide Application and Scale of MHK Technologies

2.2.3     Governments Will Dictate the Pace of MHK Deployment

2.2.4     Marine Testing Centers Growing in Number and Sophistication

2.2.5     Corporate and Utility Engagement

2.3   Current Market Opportunities and Challenges

2.3.1     Climate Change Regulations

2.3.2     The Green Economy and Manufacturing near End Use

2.3.3     The Variability of Existing Renewable Resources & the Predictability of Marine & Hydrokinetic Technologies

2.3.4     Superior Energy Content Profiles

2.4   Industry Growth Drivers

2.4.1     Global Renewable Energy Generation Trends

2.4.2     Legislative and Regulatory Activities, Incentives, and Subsidies

2.4.3     Improvements to Water Power Technologies& Parallels to Wind Energy Technology

2.4.4     Economics Overview

2.4.4.1     Cost of Conventional Energy Source Trends

2.4.4.2     Net Cost of Wave, Tidal, River Kinetic, Ocean Current, and Ocean Thermal Technologies

2.5   Implementation Issues

2.5.1     Lack of Commercial or Mature Product Offerings

2.5.2     The Long Road Transitioning from Demonstration Sites to Commercial Viability

2.5.3     Lack of Early-Stage Investor Interest Compared to Other Renewables

2.5.4     Unknown Environmental Permitting Issues

2.5.5     Transmission and Distribution Grid Interconnection Questions

2.5.5.1     Remote versus Load Center Plant Locations

2.5.5.2     Grid Interconnection Issues

2.5.5.2.1.    Integration with Wholesale Grid Operators

2.5.5.2.2.    Integration with Emerging Green Power Portfolios

2.5.6     Lack of Standards and Certifications

3.      Technology Issues

3.1   Overview

3.2   Ocean Wave Energy Technologies

3.2.1     History

3.2.2     Basic Principles

3.2.3     Strengths and Weaknesses

3.2.4     Turbine Types

3.2.5     Commercial Time Horizon

3.2.5.1     Cost

3.2.5.2     Efficiency

3.2.5.3     Reliability

3.2.5.4     Scalability

3.2.5.5     Availability

3.3   Tidal Stream Turbines

3.3.1     Basic Principles

3.3.2     Strengths and Weaknesses

3.3.3     Turbine Types

3.3.4     Commercialization Time Horizon

3.3.4.1     Cost

3.3.4.2     Efficiency

3.3.4.3     Reliability

3.3.4.4     Scalability

3.3.4.5     Availability

3.4   River Hydrokinetic Technologies

3.4.1     History

3.4.2     Basic Principles

3.4.3     Strengths and Weaknesses

3.4.4     Turbine Types

3.4.5     Commercialization Time Horizon

3.4.5.1     Cost

3.4.5.2     Efficiency

3.4.5.3     Reliability

3.4.5.4     Scalability

3.4.5.5     Availability

3.5   Ocean Current Technologies

3.5.1     History

3.5.2     Basic Principles

3.5.3     Strengths and Weaknesses

3.5.4     Turbine Types

3.5.5     Commercial Time Horizon

3.5.5.1     Cost

3.5.5.2     Efficiency

3.5.5.3     Reliability

3.5.5.4     Scalability

3.5.5.5     Availability

3.6   Ocean Thermal Energy Technologies

3.6.1     History

3.6.2     Basic Principles

3.6.3     Strengths and Weaknesses

3.6.4     Turbine Types

3.6.5     Commercial Time Horizon

3.6.5.1     Cost

3.6.5.2     Efficiency

3.6.5.3     Reliability

3.6.5.4     Scalability

3.6.5.5     Availability

4.      Key Industry Players

4.1   Wave Energy Technology Companies

4.1.1     Pelamis Wave Power

4.1.2     Ocean Power Technology

4.1.3     Wave Dragon

4.1.4     Wavegen

4.1.5     Oceanlinx

4.1.6     Carnegie Wave Energy

4.2   Tidal Stream Turbines

4.2.1     Marine Current Turbines

4.2.2     OpenHydro

4.2.3     Atlantis Resources Corporation

4.2.4     Hammerfest Strom

4.2.5     Lunar Energy

4.3   River Hydrokinetic Technologies

4.3.1     Verdant Power

4.3.2     Ocean Renewable Power Company

4.3.3     Hydrovolts

4.4   Ocean Current Technologies

4.4.1     Aquantis, LLC

4.5   Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Technologies

4.5.1     Ocean Thermal Energy Corp.

4.5.2     Xenesys, Inc.

5.      Market Forecasts

5.1   Overview

5.2   Wave Energy Capacity

5.2.1     North America

5.2.2     Europe

5.2.3     Asia Pacific

5.2.4     Other Regions

5.3   Tidal Stream Capacity

5.3.1     North America

5.3.2     Europe

5.3.3     Asia Pacific

5.3.4     Other Regions

5.4   River Hydrokinetic Capacity

5.4.1     North America

5.4.2     Other Regions

5.5   Ocean Current Capacity

5.5.1     North America

5.6   Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Capacity

5.6.1     North America

5.6.2     Asia Pacific/Other Regions

6.      Company Directory
7.      Acronym and Abbreviation List
8.      Table of Contents
9.      Table of Charts and Figures
10.    Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

• Cumulative MHK Installed Capacity Forecasts by Technology, World Markets: 2008-2017
• Cumulative MHK Installed Capacity Forecasts by Technology, World Markets: 2008-2017
• Hydrologic Cycle
• Lunar and Solar Tides by Seasonal Cycle
• Wave and Tidal Energy Potential, North America
• Estimated Water Power Capacity Potential and Realized Gains: 2008-2025
• Global Distribution of Ocean Power Technologies
• Marine Power Projects Identified in South Korea
• Renewable Energy Share of Global Electricity Production: 2010
• Renewable Power Capacities*, Developing World, EU, and Top Five Countries: 2010
• Forecasted Global Energy Use by Fuel Type through 2035
• EIA Global Forecasts of Electricity Generation Fuels by 2035
• Renewable Portfolio Standards, Goals, United States
• Average Energy Cost per Kilowatt-Hour by World Region: 1999-2007
• Marine Renewable Energy Costs and Capabilities by Technology
• Marine Renewable Energy Technologies Cost Reduction Diagram
• EPRI Alaska River Hydrokinetic Resource Evaluation Sites
• Estimated Breakdown of Capital Costs for Wave Farm if Built Today
• Estimated Breakdown of Capital Costs for Tidal Stream Farm if Built Today
• Estimated Breakdown of Operations and Maintenance Costs for Wave Farm if Built Today
• Estimated Cost of Energy at 10 MW, Wave and Tidal Stream Energy
• Capital Costs of First Prototypes and First Production Models, Wave and Tidal  Stream Energy
• Timeline for an Average MHK Project in Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters
• Global Wave Power Density Distribution
• Types of Wave Energy Conversion (WEC) Devices
• Distribution of Major Wave Technology Types
• Prime Tidal Resource Regions Around the World
• Basic Designs of Wind/Water Turbines
• Major North American Rivers and Their Yearly Discharges in Cubic km/Year
• Image of a Typical Hydrokinetic Turbine
• World Ocean Current Resources
• Horizontal Axis Ocean Current Turbine
• Schematic of Ocean Thermal Energy System
• Map of Ocean Temperature Differences Between Surface and Depth of 1,000 Meters
• Image of Pelamis Wave Power Device
• Image of Ocean Power Technology PowerBuoy
• Image of Marine Current Turbines Tidal Stream Turbine
• Image of OpenHydro Tidal Stream Turbine
• Image of Verdant Power River Hydrokinetic Turbine
• Schematic of Ocean Renewable Power Company Cross-Flow Turbine
• Artist Depiction of Aquantis C-Plane Technology
• Onshore OTE Corp. Plant Diagram

List of Tables

• Marine & Hydrokinetic Technologies Cumulative Installed Capacity, World Markets: 2008-2017
• Annual Growth of Hydrokinetic Technologies, World Markets: 2009-2017
• Ocean Wave Energy Technologies Cumulative Installed Capacity, World Markets: 2008-2017
• Annual Growth of Ocean Wave Power Capacity, World Markets: 2009-2017
• Tidal Stream Turbine Cumulative Installed Capacity, World Markets: 2008-2017
• Annual Growth of Tidal Power Capacity, World Markets: 2009-2017
• Tidal Barrage Cumulative Installed Capacity, World Markets: 2008-2017
• Annual Growth of Tidal Barrage Capacity, World Markets: 2009-2017
• River Hydrokinetic Technologies Cumulative Installed Capacity, World Markets: 2008-2017
• Annual Growth of River Hydrokinetic Capacity, World Markets: 2009-2017
• Ocean Current Technologies Cumulative Installed Capacity, World Markets: 2008-2017
• Annual Growth of Ocean Current Technologies Capacity, World Markets: 2009-2017
• Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Technologies Cumulative Installed Capacity, World Markets: 2008-2017
• Annual Growth of OTEC Capacity, World Markets: 2009-2017
• Wave System Installed Price, United States: 2008-2017
• Wave System Production Revenue, United States: 2008-2017
• Tidal Installed Price, North America: 2008-2017
• Tidal System Production Revenue, North America: 2008-2017
• Hydrokinetic Technologies Production Revenue, North America: 2008-2017
• Database of Hydrokinetic and Ocean Energy Projects, World Markets (including demonstration and pilot projects, planned and deployed)
• Database of Government Incentives for Marine Renewables, World Markets
• Summary, Levelized Real COE Chart for Marine Renewables
• Marine Renewable Energy Government Subsidies, Key European Markets
• Summary Levelized Real Cost of Energy Chart for Marine Renewables
• Pelamis SWOT Analysis
• Ocean Power Technology SWOT Analysis
• Wave Dragon SWOT Analysis
• Wavegen SWOT Analysis
• Oceanlinx SWOT Analysis
• Carnegie Wave Energy SWOT Analysis
• Marine Current Turbines SWOT Analysis
• OpenHydro SWOT Analysis
• Hammerfest Strom Energy SWOT Analysis
• Lunar Energy SWOT Analysis
• Verdant Power SWOT Analysis
• Ocean Renewable Power Company SWOT Analysis
• Xenesys SWOT Analysis

Biopower, or the generation of electricity and heat from biomass resources, represents one of the only base load renewable applications with widespread availability of fuel resources. Theoretically inexhaustible and found in abundance around the world, biomass feedstocks currently supply an estimated 14% of global primary energy. As global energy demand escalates and efforts to curb greenhouse gas emissions intensify, an increasing number of countries are turning to biomass resources as fuel for commercial-scale electricity production.

Although feedstock aggregation challenges have frustrated more dynamic market growth to date, EU-27 leadership in biomass utilization has demonstrated that co-firing manageable quantities of biomass with coal can provide a low-cost strategy for reducing emissions.  Increasing biomass supply chain development coupled with increasing international trade flows in densified biomass pellets are expected to support expanding biopower utilization worldwide over the next decade.  Today, an estimated 58 GW of biopower installed capacity is deployed worldwide across dedicated, co-fired, and CHP facilities.  Although combustion-based conversion technologies are the most widely deployed solutions worldwide, cost reductions and efficiency gains are beginning to point to increasing market share for gasification conversion technologies.

This Pike Research report analyzes the global market opportunity for electricity production from dedicated, co-fired, and CHP biopower sources.  The study includes a comprehensive examination of market drivers, existing and emerging technologies, feedstock opportunities, the public policy and regulatory landscape, and key industry players.  Market forecasts for installed power generation capacity, cumulative investments, and pellet production and consumption are segmented by geography and key countries through 2021.

Key Questions Addressed:

• Which regions are poised for the greatest growth in biopower capacity worldwide?
• What are the key market obstacles impacting growth in the global biopower industry?
• What policy drivers are shaping biopower deployment in leading markets – EU-27, the United States, China, and Brazil?
• What are the main biomass feedstocks used and how is this expected to change over the next decade?
• How will biomass supply chain challenges and developments impact biopower deployment?
• What are the comparative costs of combustion and gasification technologies?
• Who are the leaders in biopower utilization and what are their strategies for accessing feedstocks?
• How will the trade in densified biomass pellets develop over the next decade?
• Which regions will attract the highest cumulative investment in biopower by 2021?
• How will expanding biofuels production impact biopower development?

Who needs this report?

• Bioenergy project developers
• Biomass producers, suppliers, and aggregators
• Biomass pellet producers
• Utilities
• Turbine and equipment manufacturers
• Industry associations
• Government agencies
• Environmental organizations
• Investor community

Table of Contents

1.      Executive Summary

1.1  Introduction

1.2  World Markets

1.3  Technology Trends

2.      Market Issues

2.1  Overview of Biopower

2.1.1    What is Biomass?

2.1.1.1    Brief History of Biomass Utilization

2.1.1.2    Biomass Feedstocks

2.1.1.3    Bioenergy

2.1.1.4    Biomass End Uses

2.1.2    Why Biomass?

2.1.2.1    Biomass Advantages

2.1.2.2    Biomass Disadvantages

2.1.3    Biomass as a Renewable Resource

2.2  Role of Biopower in Global Energy Markets

2.2.1    Snapshot of Global Biopower Utilization

2.2.2    Snapshot of Global Biomass Utilization

2.2.3    Estimated Resource Potential

2.2.4    International Trade

2.3  Biomass Market Drivers

2.3.1    Rising Electricity Demand

2.3.1.1    Industrialization (Especially in Emerging Markets)

2.3.1.2    Increasing Wealth (Especially in China and India)

2.3.2    Climate Change

2.3.2.1    Quantifying the Impact of Biopower

2.3.2.2    Climate Change and Investment in Biopower

2.3.3    Economic Development

2.3.4    Policy and Regulatory Drivers

2.3.4.1    Renewable Energy Targets

2.3.4.2    Subsidies, Loans, and Grants

2.3.4.3    Climate Change Regulation

2.4  Biomass Growth Barriers

2.4.1    Feedstock Supply

2.4.1.1    Land Availability

2.4.1.2    Supply Chain Uncertainty

2.4.1.3    Biomass Carbon Accounting

2.4.2    Sustainability Criteria

2.4.3    Policy Uncertainty

2.4.3.1    Climate Change and GHG Regulation

2.4.3.2    Availability of Public Subsidies, Loans, and Grants

2.4.4    Competition with Fossil Fuels

2.4.5    Other Barriers

2.5  Economics of Biopower

2.5.1    Biomass Feedstock Costs

2.5.2    Power Production Costs

2.5.2.1    Combustion

2.5.2.2    BIGCC

2.5.2.3    Landfill Gas

2.5.2.4    CHP

3.      Key Markets

3.1  United States

3.1.1    Incentives

3.1.2    State Renewable Portfolio Standards

3.1.3    Regulatory Outlook

3.2  EU-27

3.2.1    20-20-20

3.2.2    EU Member State Incentives

3.3  China

4.      Technology Issues

4.1  Overview of Biopower Production

4.1.1    Technology Commercialization

4.1.2       Advances in Conversion Processes

4.2  Biomass Supply Chain

4.2.1    Sourcing Biomass

4.2.2    Material Preparation

4.2.2.1    Chipping

4.2.2.2    Pelleting and Briquetting

4.2.2.3    Pyrolysis

4.2.2.4    Torrefaction

4.3  Biomass Conversions Technologies

4.3.1    Biomass Combustion

4.3.1.1    Power Production via Combustion

4.3.1.1.1.   Boiler Technologies

4.3.1.1.2.   Co-firing

4.3.1.1.3.   Repowering Conventional Plants

4.3.1.2    Combustion Advantages and Disadvantages

4.3.1.3    Optimizing Combustion

4.3.2    Biomass Gasification

4.3.2.1    Power Production via Gasification

4.3.2.1.1.   Anaerobic Digestion

4.3.2.1.2.   Conventional Gasification

4.3.2.1.3.   IGCC/IGCT

4.3.2.2    Gasification Advantages and Disadvantages

4.4  Integrated Systems

4.4.1    CHP – Cogeneration

4.4.2    Integrated Biorefineries

5.      Key Industry Players

5.1  Biomass Feedstock Suppliers and Processors

5.1.1    Abellon CleanEnergy

5.1.2    ArborGen

5.1.3    Biomass Secure Power

5.1.4    Enviva

5.1.5    Integro Earthfuels

5.2  Biomass Power Producers

5.2.1    American Renewables

5.2.2    Boralex, Inc.

5.2.3    Greenleaf Power

5.2.4    Covanta Energy

5.2.5    Dalkia

5.2.6    Decker Energy International

5.2.7    DONG Energy

5.2.8    Drax Power Limited

5.2.9    E.ON AG

5.2.10  Essent N.V.

5.2.11  Fibrowatt LLC

5.2.12  Helius Energy

5.2.13  Iberdrola Renewables

5.2.14  Nexterra Energy

5.2.15  NRG Energy, Inc.

5.2.16  Primenergy, LLC

5.2.17  Vattenfall

5.2.18  Wheelabrator Technologies Inc.

6.    Market Forecasts

6.1  Methodology

6.1.1    Forecast Uncertainties

6.1.2    Key Assumptions

6.2  Global Biopower Projections

6.2.1    Forecasts

6.2.2    Baseline Forecast

6.2.3    Growth Forecast

6.3  Global Biomass Utilization Projections

6.4  Forecasts by Market

6.4.1    United States

6.4.2    Brazil

6.4.3    EU-27

6.4.4    China

6.     Company Directory
7.     Acronym and Abbreviation List
8.     Table of Contents
9.     Table of Charts and Figures
10.   Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

• Installed Biopower Capacity from All Sources, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Market Share of Cumulative Biopower Investment by Region, World Markets: 2021
• Installed Generating Capacity by Source, World Markets: 2010
• Installed Biopower Capacity Market Share by Region, World Markets: 2011
• Share of Biopower Capacity in Generation Portfolios in Key Markets, World Markets: 2011
• Share of Biopower Generation by Biomass Source, United States: 2008
• Total Primary Energy Consumption by Region, World Markets: 2010-2035
• Net Electricity Generation by Region, Non-OECD Markets: 1990-2035
• Cost Comparison of Biomass Combustion and Gasification Technologies
• CAGR Among Biopower Commercial-Scale Producers, United States: 2008-2010
• Installed Biopower Capacity from All Sources, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Installed Biopower Capacity by Region, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Cumulative Biopower Investments by Region, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Market Share Installed Biopower Capacity, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2021
• Net Biopower Generation by Region, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Market Share Installed Biopower Capacity, Growth Scenario, World Markets: 2021
• Cumulative Biopower Investments by Region, Growth Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Market Share Installed Biopower Capacity, Growth Scenario, World Markets: 2021
• Net Biopower Generation by Region, Growth Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Biomass Utilization for Power Generation, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Biomass Pellet Production by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Installed Biopower Capacity from All Sources, United States: 2011-2021
• Biomass Pellet Production and Consumption, United States: 2011-2021
• Installed Biopower Capacity from All Sources, Brazil: 2011-2021
• Installed Biopower Capacity, EU-27: 2011-2021
• Biomass Pellet Production and Consumption, EU-27: 2011-2021
• Biomass Utilization for Biopower, China: 2011-2021
• Map of Bioenergy Applications
• International Biomass Trade Flows
• Commercialization Status of Major Biomass Technologies
• Biomass Collection, Storage, and Delivery Process Options
• Integrated Biorefinery Conversion Pathways
• Vattenfall Biomass Mix

List of Tables

• Biomass Power and Thermal Targets, World Markets
• Relative Costs of Fossil Fuel and Biomass Resources
• Biomass Incentives Description and Scheduled Duration, United States: 2011
• Summary of Renewable Portfolio Standards, United States
• Moisture Content of Biomass Feedstocks
• Typical Data and Figures for Power Generation from Biomass
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Co-firing
• Database of Facilities Utilizing Biomass Resources, World Markets
• Installed Generating Capacity by Source, World Markets: 2010
• Net Electricity Generation by Source, World Markets: 2010
• Installed Biopower Capacity Market Share by Region, World Markets: 2011
• Share of Biopower Capacity in Generation Portfolios in Key Markets, World Markets: 2011
• Share of Biopower Generation by Biomass Source, United States: 2008
• Total Primary Energy Consumption by Region, World Markets: 2010-2035 (Reference Case)
• Net Electricity Generation by Region, Non-OECD Markets: 1990-2035
• Biomass Power and Thermal Targets by Country, World Markets: 2011
• Cost Comparison of Biomass Combustion and Gasification Technologies
• Biopower Capacity by Producer, United States: 2008-2010
• Biomass Incentives Description and Scheduled Duration, United States: 2011
• Biopower Capacity from All Sources by Region and Country, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
• Biopower Capacity Market Share from All Sources by Region and Country, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
• Net Biopower Generation from All Sources by Region and Country, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
• Biopower Cumulative Investment by Region, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
• Biopower Capacity from All Sources by Region and Country, Growth Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
• Biopower Capacity Market Share from All Sources by Region and Country, Growth Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
• Net Biopower Generation from All Sources by Region and Country, Growth Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
• Biopower Cumulative Investment by Region, Growth Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
• Biopower Feedstock Demand by Region and Country, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
• Biopower Feedstock Demand by Region and Country, Growth Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
• Biomass Utilization for Heat and Power, Asia Pacific: 2011-2021
• Biomass Pellet Production by Region, World Markets: 2008-2021
• Biomass Pellet Consumption by Region, World Markets: 2008-2021

Concentrated solar power (CSP) has been a “start-stop” industry since the 1500s, when Leonardo da Vinci conceived the use of a parabolic mirror concentrator to heat water for dyeing cloths. It is plausible that da Vinci failed to design a CSP system that was cost competitive with the primary fossil fuel of his time, chopped wood. More than 490 years after da Vinci’s death, nine CSP systems, SEGS I-IX from Luz Industries, came online during the late 1980s. Like da Vinci, Luz was unable to compete with a modern equivalent of chopped wood, natural gas.

A CSP revival was jump-started in 2004 as policy announcements at that time inspired investors and engineers to start developing again. The movement gained steam when PV prices peaked in 2008 resulting in a 300% gain in global CSP operational capacity from 2008-2011. CSP growth came to a rapid stop in 2011 when PV module price decreases, combined with the PV’s proven bankability, drove several of high profile U.S. projects to convert from CSP to PV.

This Pike Research report provides an in depth analysis of technology issues and policy trends driving concentrated solar power adoption in the United States, Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, India, and China. The study analyzes the perceived threat from solar photovoltaics and assesses the key challenges and opportunities presented by regional policies, capital environments, utility scale demand, and solar resources well suited for CSP. Market forecasts extend through 2020 and include projections for installed capacity and revenue by region.

Key Questions Addressed:

• Which countries will drive CSP technology development and adoption, and why?
• How will regional renewable energy policies, feed-in tariffs, government-backed loan guarantees, and research grants drive CSP forward?
• How do policy and capital environments compare across China, India, MENA, Europe, and the United States?
• How have PV performance and price drops affected CSP projects?
• What are the underlying reasons for the recent conversion of 2.2 GW of U.S. based CSP capacity?
• What are the key factors that will drive current CSP market decline and recovery in 2016?

Who needs this report?

• Concentrated solar power technology companies
• Project developers
• Utilities
• Industry associations
• Government agencies
• Investor community

Table of Contents

1.      Executive Summary

1.1  Introduction

1.2  Industry Growth

2.      Technology and Applications

2.1  Technology Overview

2.2  Anatomy of Main System Configurations

2.2.1    Power Tower

2.2.2    Parabolic Trough

2.2.3    Dish

2.2.4    Linear Fresnel Lens

2.3  CSP Applications

2.3.1    Standalone Power Generation

2.3.2    Hybridization with Fossil Fuels: Integrated Solar Combined Cycle (ISCC)

2.3.3    Energy Storage

2.3.4    Process Heat

2.4  Natural Resource: Solar Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI)

2.5  Competition from Photovoltaics

2.6  Water Usage and the Challenge from PV

3.      Market Issues

3.1  Introduction

3.2  Commercial History

3.3  Market Drivers

3.3.1    Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Reduction

3.3.2    Energy Security

3.3.3    Energy Supply Diversification

3.3.4    Renewable Portfolio Standards (United States)

3.3.5    Policies and Incentives

3.3.5.1    Feed-In Tariffs

3.3.5.2    Government-Backed Loan Guarantees

3.3.5.3    Tax Breaks, Subsidies, and Incentives

3.3.5.4    Worldwide Incentives

3.3.6    Policy Trends: United States, Europe, MENA, India, China, and Australia

3.3.6.1    United States

3.3.6.2    European Union: Spain and Italy

3.3.6.3    Middle East and North Africa

3.3.6.4    India

3.3.6.5    China

3.3.6.6    Australia

3.3.7    R&D Grants and Subsidies

3.3.8    Private Sector Investments

3.4  Market Barriers

3.4.1    Permitting

3.4.2    Financing

3.4.3    Transmission

4.      Key Markets

4.1  United States

4.1.1    U.S. Market Disparity

4.1.2    U.S. Market Drivers and Opportunities

4.2  European Union

4.3  Middle East and North Africa

4.3.1    Masdar

4.3.2    MASEN

4.3.3    DESERTEC

4.4  India

4.5  China

4.6  Australia

5.      Key Industry Players

5.1  Abengoa Solar

5.2  ACCIONA Energy

5.3  AREVA

5.4  BrightSource Energy

5.5  China Renewable Energy Scale-up Program (CRESP)

5.6  DESERTEC Foundation

5.7  eSolar

5.8  Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (India’s Solar Mission)

5.9  Masdar

5.10  Morocco Agency for Solar Energy (MASEN)

5.11  NextEra Energy Resources

5.12  Novatec

5.13  SCHOTT Solar

5.14  Siemens

5.15  Solar Millennium (and Solar Trust of America)

5.16  SolarReserve

5.17  Torresol

6.      Market Forecasts

6.1  Methodology

6.2  Flex Points in Model

6.2.1    Incentives

6.2.2    Regional Politics and Policies

6.2.3    Technology

6.2.4    Market Conditions

6.2.5    Recent Signals

6.3  Global CSP Market Forecast

6.4  Regional Breakdown

6.4.1    United States

6.4.2    Europe

6.4.3    MENA

6.4.4    India

6.4.5    China

6.4.6    Australia

6.5  Market Value by Region, World Markets

6.5.1    United States

6.5.2    Europe

6.5.3    MENA

6.5.4    India

6.5.5    China

6.5.6    Australia

7.      Company Directory
8.      Acronym and Abbreviation List
9.      Table of Contents
10.    Table of Charts and Figures
11.     Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

• CSP Project Announcements vs. Construction Starts, United States: October 2011
• CSP Revenue, World Markets: 2012-2020
• Current Project Pipeline, Announced, Under Development, and in Construction, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Total Primary Energy Demand, World Markets: 1990-2030
• CSP Project Announcements vs. Construction Starts, United States: October 2011
• Electric Power Industry Net Generation, United States: 2009
• CSP Capacity, World Markets: 2012-2020
• CSP Revenue, World Markets: 2012-2020
• CSP Capacity, United States: 1990-2020
• CSP Revenue, United States: 2012-2020
• CSP Capacity, Europe: 2007-2020
• CSP Revenue, Europe: 2011-2020
• CSP Capacity, MENA: 2011-2020
• CSP Revenue, MENA: 2011-2020
• CSP Capacity, India: 2012-2020
• CSP Revenue, India: 2012-2020
• CSP Capacity, China: 2012-2020
• CSP Revenue, China: 2012-2020
• Power Tower
• Parabolic Trough CSP Technology
• Dish Stirling
• Linear Fresnel Lens
• Simplified Steam Generation Flow Chart
• Stored Power Dispatch Principle
• Indirect vs. Direct Normal Irradiance
• Global Direct Normal Irradiance
• Coal-Fired Power Plants, United States
• Direct Normal Irradiance, United States
• High-Voltage Direct Current Transmission Lines, United States
• Direct Normal Irradiance, Europe and MENA
• DESERTEC Concept
• DNI, India
• DNI, China
• Population Density, China
• DNI, Australia

List of Tables

• Renewable Portfolio Standards by State, United States
• Renewable Energy Policies and Incentives, World Markets
• DOE Loan Guarantee Awards, United States: 2010-2011
• CSP Subsidies, MENA
• CSP Projects Awarded Under PPAs, United States
• CSP Projects, Europe
• CSP Projects, MENA
• CSP Projects, China
• CSP Projects, India
• CSP Project Announcements vs. Construction Starts, United States: October 2011
• Share of CSP Project Announcements vs. Construction Starts, United States: October 2011
• CSP Additional Capacity, United States: 1992-2020
• CSP Installed Capacity, United States: 1990-2020
• CSP Revenue, United States: 2012-2020
• CSP Additional Capacity, Europe: 2007-2020
• CSP Installed Capacity, Europe: 2007-2020
• CSP Revenue, Europe: 2011-2020
• CSP Additional Capacity, India: 2012-2020
• CSP Installed Capacity, India: 2012-2020
• CSP Revenue, India: 2012-2020
• CSP Additional Capacity, China: 2012-2020
• CSP Installed Capacity, China: 2012-2020
• CSP Revenue, China: 2012-2020
• CSP Additional Capacity, MENA: 2011-2020
• CSP Installed Capacity, MENA: 2011-2020
• CSP Revenue, MENA: 2011-2020
• CSP Installed Capacity, World Markets: 2012-2020
• CSP Revenue, World Markets: 2012-2020
• Project Pipeline by Region, World Markets: 2011-2020
• Existing MW Installed, World Markets

Solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity was added in more than 100 countries during 2010. The distributed solar PV market is dominated by residential and commercial grid-connected PV systems and is concentrated in regions with favorable financial incentives, such as premium feed-in tariffs (FITs) including Germany, Italy, France, the Czech Republic, Japan, the United States (led by California), and Canada (led by Ontario). Europe will continue to be the largest market for distributed solar PV during this forecast period, but China and India’s growing economies and high percentages of population without access to electricity represent large market opportunities.

Consumer demand for distributed systems is growing as the cost of PV modules has continued its steady descent. Combined with innovative financing and leasing options, third-party and utility ownership models, and highly-effective feed-in tariff programs, solar PV is expanding faster than most expected. Today’s solar PV market is all about cost, which is good for consumers and installers, but brutal for manufacturers. Costs are expected to continue their rapid decline as Chinese crystalline silicon manufacturers gain market share and thin-film increases in efficiency. Pike Research forecasts almost $600 billion in revenues throughout the distributed solar PV value chain during the period between 2011 and 2015.

This Pike Research report analyzes the current status of, along with the future outlook for, the global market for distributed solar photovoltaics. The study includes an assessment of global trends, cost analysis, installation and pricing forecasts, market sizing, and an examination of the competitive landscape of solar PV manufacturers.

Key Questions Addressed:

Who needs this report?

• Solar PV module and component manufacturers
• Solar PV industry service providers
• Renewable energy technology suppliers
• Renewable energy project developers
• Utilities
• Economic development agencies
• Government agencies & regulators
• Investor community

Table of Contents

1.      Executive Summary

1.1  A Brief History

1.2  Big Growth in Small Markets

1.3  RDEG Market Growth: 2009-2015

1.4  The Three Primary Growth Drivers for Solar PV

1.5  The Solar PV Industry

1.6  Emerging Trends in Solar PV

2.      Market Issues

2.1  Defining the Market

2.2  What Is Distributed Solar Generation?

2.3  Solar Power Systems

2.4  The Status of the Solar PV Market & Key Trends

2.4.1    Distributed Solar Gains Public & Political Traction vs. Centralized Solar

2.4.2    Austerity Measures Shift Incentives toward Smaller Distributed Systems

2.4.3    Distributed Generation Can Still Mean Thinking Big

2.4.4    Can Distributed Solar PV Continue its Price Declines and still be Profitable?

2.5  Industry Growth Drivers

2.5.1    Global Renewable Energy Generation Trends

2.5.2    Legislative and Regulatory Mandates

2.5.3    Financial Incentives and Public Policies

2.5.3.1    Feed-in Tariffs

2.5.3.2    Grants

2.5.3.3    Interconnection and Permitting Standards

2.5.3.4    Loan Programs

2.5.3.5    Net Metering Policies

2.5.3.6    Property Tax Incentives

2.5.3.7    Public Benefit Funds

2.5.3.8    Rebate Programs

2.5.3.9    Renewable Portfolio Standards

2.5.3.10  Sales Tax Incentives

2.5.3.11  Renewable Energy Certificates

2.5.4    Asset Ownership

2.5.5    Improvements to Existing Technologies

2.5.5.1    Photovoltaic Technology Innovations

2.5.6    Emergence of New Technologies

2.5.7    Microgrids

2.5.8    Other Drivers

2.5.8.1    Push for Energy Independence and Energy Security

2.5.8.2    Benefits of Green Marketing

2.5.8.3    World Demand and Pricing of Fossil Fuels

2.6  Implementation Issues

2.6.1    Grid Interconnection

2.6.2    Grid Integrity and Safety

2.6.3    Standards and Permitting

3.      Technology Issues

3.1  Photovoltaic Systems

3.1.1    History

3.1.2    Basic Principles

3.1.2.1    PV Cell Types

3.1.2.2    Crystalline

3.1.2.3    Thin-Film

3.1.3    Strengths and Weaknesses

3.1.4    Costs

3.1.4.1    Module Costs

3.1.4.2    Economies of Scale

3.1.4.3    Installed Costs

3.1.4.4    Low-Cost Polysilicon

3.1.5    Efficiency

3.1.6    Reliability

3.1.7    Scalability

3.1.8    Availability

3.2  Grid-Tied vs. Off-Grid Installations

3.3  Distributed Solar PV Applications

3.3.1    Residential

3.3.2    Commercial/Retail

3.3.3    Government and Institutions

3.3.4    Farms

3.3.5    Telecom Primary and Backup Power

3.3.6    Marine, Remote Monitoring, and Security

3.3.7    Hybrid Systems

3.3.8    Community Projects

3.3.8.1    Solar Gardens and Solar Farms

4.      Demand Drivers

4.1  Developed Nations vs. Developing Nations

4.2  North America

4.2.1    United States

4.2.1.1    Federal Level

4.2.1.2    State Level

4.2.2    Canada

4.2.3    Mexico

4.3  Europe

4.3.1    Germany

4.3.2    Spain

4.3.3    Italy

4.3.4    United Kingdom

4.3.5    France

4.3.6    European Union

4.3.7    Rest of Europe

4.4  Asia Pacific

4.4.1    China

4.4.2    Japan

4.4.3    South Korea

4.4.4    Australia

4.4.5    India

4.5  Rest of World

4.5.1    Africa

4.5.2    Middle East

4.6  Conventional Energy Sources

4.6.1    Fuel Supply and Demand

4.7  Electricity Rates

4.8  Cost/kWh: Solar PV vs. Conventional Sources

4.9  Permitting and Siting Centralized Plants

5.      Market Forecasts

5.1  Distributed Photovoltaic Systems

5.1.1    Americas

5.1.1.1    United States

5.1.1.1.1.  California

5.1.2    Canada

5.1.3    Europe

5.1.3.1    Established Markets

5.1.3.2    Emerging Markets

5.1.4    Asia Pacific

5.1.5    Rest of World

6.      Competitive Landscape

6.1  Solar PV Module/Cell Manufacturers

6.2  Chinese & Taiwanese Manufacturers

6.3  Japanese Manufacturers

6.4  American Manufacturers

6.5  European Manufacturers

7.      Company Directory
8.      Acronym and Abbreviation List
9.      Table of Contents
10.    Table of Charts and Figures
11.     Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

• PV Installation Costs, World Markets Price Index: 2009-2015
• Distributed PV Annual Capacity Additions, Americas: 2009-2015
• Distributed PV Annual Capacity Additions, Europe: 2009-2015
• Distributed PV Annual Capacity Additions, Asia Pacific:  2009-2015
• Top Solar PV Markets (Distributed and Non-Distributed, GW), World Market: 2010
• Cumulative Grid-Connected Solar PV Installations, Top 10 U.S. States: 2007-2010
• Comparing Current Status of Distributed Solar PV and Centralized Solar Projects in California
• Cost Comparison of Residential Solar PV Installation Costs, United States and Germany ($/Peak W):  2010
• Forecasted Energy Use by Fuel Type: 1990-2035
• EIA Forecasts of Net Electricity Generation Fuels: 2007-2035
• Cumulative Installed Capacity by Region and Technology: 2009
• Renewable Energy Share of Global Electricity Production: 2010
• Photovoltaic Cells
• Commercial Rooftop Solar PV System Prices, Various Technologies, U.S. Markets: 2010
• Annual Installed Grid-Connected PV Capacity by Sector, U.S. Markets: 2001-2010
• Representative Global Deployments of Telecom Backup Power by Technology
• Renewable Portfolio Standards by State
• Renewable Distributed Energy Generation Carve-Outs by State
• Third-Party Solar Purchase Power Agreements
• Average Household Electricity Rates, Select Countries: 2009
• Average Industrial Electricity Rates, Select Countries: 2009
• Comparative Cost of New Generation by Source: 2008
• Market Shares of Top 15 Solar PV Cell Manufacturers: 2010
• Top 15 Solar PV Cell Manufacturers, by Technology: 2010

List of Tables

• Distributed Energy Generation Technology Comparison
• PV Strengths and Weaknesses
• Renewable Energy Policies and Incentives Summary, World Markets
• Estimated Annual Growth of Distributed PV Capacity, World Markets: 2010-2015
• Distributed PV Global Annual Installed Capacity, World Markets: 2009-2015
• Distributed System Installed Price, World Markets: 2009-2015
• Estimated Distributed PV Installed System Revenue, World Markets: 2009-2015

The North American wind energy industry is lagging in key areas compared to Europe and Asia, but many key industry players are optimistic about the North American market as turbine costs continue to drop dramatically. In 2010, a total of 5,784 MW of wind capacity was installed in North America. The region currently accounts for more than 22% of the world’s total installed wind capacity and is home to the second largest wind market – the United States. As a region, North America fell to third place in cumulative installations in 2009 behind Asia Pacific and Europe. Pike Research expects installations in the region to reach 125 GW by 2017, with offshore installations accounting for fewer than 3% of that total. Pike Research anticipates that 2011 will be another difficult year for the industry in North America, however, we do see tentative signs of recovery.

Pike Research’s analysis indicates that wind energy installation costs in the United States will total more than $125 billion between 2011 and 2017, capturing 15% of the global market during that period. Canada will reach 15 GW of total wind capacity by 217, with more than 400 MW of that amount derived from offshore installations. In Canada, installation costs will total $19.3 billion between 2011 and 2017. In the midst of this market transition, turbine manufacturer market shares are fluid, as well. In 2010, Chinese wind turbine manufacturer Sinovel overtook GE Wind Energy to become the second largest wind turbine supplier worldwide, and came in at less than 1% (350 MW) behind industry leader Vestas.

This Pike Research report provides an in-depth analysis of North American opportunities in the onshore and offshore wind power markets, as well as an examination of key challenges facing the industry. It examines technology innovations that will influence the future direction of the market, and also features detailed profiles of key industry players, including a competitive regional analysis of the major wind energy markets across their respective technology, policy, and capital environments. Market forecasts extend through 2017 and include projections for installed capacity, installation costs, and offshore production revenue, all segmented by onshore, offshore, region, and country.

Key Questions Addressed:

• What is the outlook for onshore and offshore wind installations in North America over the next six years – and what are the key market drivers?
• How did the global financial crisis and recession affect the North American wind energy market relative to other regions?
• How do the technology, policy, and capital environments compare across North America, Asia Pacific, and Europe?
• How will the Chinese turbine manufacturers’ international expansion affect the North American market for wind turbines?
• Has wind energy reached grid parity?
• How much does it cost to install wind turbines in Canada and the United States?
• Who are the leaders in the push to larger wind turbines and where are they being deployed?
• What key barriers and opportunities will shape the North American wind energy market?
• How much capital will be invested in North American wind installations by 2017?

Who needs this report?

• Wind turbine and component manufacturers
• Wind industry service providers
• Economic development agencies
• Business schools
• Think-tanks, non-profits, and industry associations
• Government agencies and regulators
• Investor community

Table of Contents

1.      Executive Summary

1.1  North America Wind Energy Market Outlook

1.2  Wind Power Market Forecasts

1.3  Key Trends and Profiles of Wind Turbine Manufacturers and System Designers

2.      Market Issues

2.1  Defining the Market & Macro Trends

2.2  Wind Power Growth during the Financial Crisis and Recession

2.2.1    North America

2.3  Wind Power in the Context of All Electricity Sources

2.4  Offshore Wind

2.4.1    Better Power Production Capacity Factors

2.5  Industry Growth Drivers

2.5.1    Comparing Technological Innovation:  Europe Leads, North America Gains, China Joins the Race

2.5.1.1    Technological Innovation: Europe (+++)

2.5.1.2    Technological Innovation: North America (++)

2.5.1.3    Technological Innovation: Asia Pacific (+)

2.5.2    Comparing Policy Environments: China Sets Ambitious Path, Europe Adjusts, but Stays on Target, United States Scrambles as States Lead

2.5.2.1    Policy Environment: Asia Pacific (+++)

2.5.2.2    Policy Environment: Europe (++)

2.5.2.3    Policy Environment: North America (+)

2.5.3    Comparing Capital Environments: China Unfazed, Europe Slows, United States Falters

2.5.3.1    Capital Environment: Asia Pacific (+++)

2.5.3.2    Capital Environment: Europe (++)

2.5.3.3    Capital Environment: North America (+)

2.6  Increasing Demand for Energy over the Long Term

2.7  Cost of Conventional Energy Source Trends

2.7.1    North America

2.8  Carbon Emissions Reduction

2.9  Renewable Energy Targets

2.9.1    United States

2.9.2    Canada

2.10  Incentives and Subsidies

2.10.1  United States

2.10.2  Canada

2.11  Job Creation

2.12  Implementation Issues

2.12.1  Grid Integration

2.12.2  United States

2.12.3  Canada

2.12.4  High-Voltage Direct Current

2.13  Overcoming Intermittency and Institutional Barriers

2.14  Land Use Impacts

2.14.1  Less Land Use Impact than Solar

2.15  Permitting Delays

2.16  Is Wind Power Cost Competitive with Fossil Fuels?

2.16.1  Net Installation Cost of Onshore Wind Power

2.16.2  Turbine Costs

2.16.3  Balance of System Costs

2.16.4  Operations and Maintenance Costs

2.16.5  Refurbishment Costs

2.16.6  Net Cost of Offshore Wind Power

2.16.7  Financing

3.      Technology Issues

3.1  Wind Turbine Basics

3.1.1    Towers

3.1.2    Nacelles and Interior Components

3.1.3    Gearboxes and Generators

3.1.4    Rotors – Blades and Hub

3.1.5       Wind Turbine Raw Materials

3.1.5.1    Rare Earth Metals

3.1.6    Types

3.1.6.1    Horizontal versus Vertical Axis

3.1.6.2    Upwind versus Downwind

3.1.6.3    Three Blades versus Two Blades

3.2  Efficiency

3.3  Reliability

3.4  Scalability

3.5  Availability

3.6  Technology Trends

3.6.1    Technology Trend:  Innovation in Component Design & Reliability

3.6.2    Technology Trend:  Direct Drive Gaining versus Traditional Geared Turbine

3.6.3    Technology Trend:  Self-Erecting Towers & On-Site Manufacturing

3.6.4    Technology Trend:  Increasing Turbine Capacities to Increase Economies of Scale

3.6.5    Technology Trend:  Wind Energy Storage

3.6.6    Technology Trend:  Wind Forecasting Improvements

4.      Key Industry Trends and Company Profiles

4.1  Trends among Turbine Manufacturers, Component Suppliers, and Design Service Providers

4.1.1    Companies’ Global Footprint Cushions Regional Economic Troubles

4.1.2    Chinese Turbine Manufacturers Leap Ahead and Abroad Amid Criticism

4.1.3    Consolidation Leads to More Vertically Integrated Companies

4.2  Key Profiles

4.2.1    Wind Turbine Manufacturers and System Designers

4.2.1.1    ACCIONA Energia

4.2.1.2    Enercon Services Inc.

4.2.1.3    Gamesa

4.2.1.4    GE Wind Energy

4.2.1.5    Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

4.2.1.6    Nordex

4.2.1.7    Suzlon Energy

4.2.1.8    REpower Systems SE

4.2.1.9    Siemens AG

4.2.1.10  Vestas

4.2.1.11  Sinovel Wind Group

4.2.1.12  Goldwind Science & Technology Co. Ltd

4.2.1.13  Dongfang Electric Corporation Limited

4.2.1.14  American Superconductor

4.2.1.15  Clipper Windpower

4.2.1.16  Nordic Windpower

4.2.2    Turbine Component Manufacturers

4.2.2.1    Bosch Rexroth

4.2.2.2    LM Wind Power

5.      Market Forecasts

5.1  Global Renewable Energy Generation Trends

5.2  Wind Energy Market Forecasts

5.2.1    North American Market Forecast

5.3  Country Forecasts

5.3.1.1    United States

5.3.1.2    Canada

6.      Company Directory
7.      Acronym and Abbreviation List
8.      Table of Contents
9.      Table of Charts and Figures
10.    Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

• Cumulative Wind Power Generation Capacity by Region, World Markets: 2008-2017
• Annual Wind Power Capacity Additions by Region, World Markets: 2008A-2010A
• Cumulative Installed Wind Capacity by Country, North America:  2008-2017
• New Additions of All Wind Capacity by Country, North America: 2009-2017
• Total Onshore and Offshore Wind Installation Costs, North America: 2011-2017
• Offshore Wind Power Production Revenues by Country, North America: 2011-2017
• Cumulative Wind Power Generation Capacity by Sector, United States: 2008-2017
• Cumulative Wind Power Generation Capacity by Sector, Canada: 2008-2017
• Global Wind Turbine Market by Manufacturer: 2008-2010
• Wind Energy Market Definition
• Cumulative Installed Wind Power Capacity, United States: 2010
• Cumulative Installed Wind Power Capacity, Canada: 2Q 2011
• U.S. Annual Power Capacity Additions by Percentage
• North American Offshore Wind Project Activity: July 2011
• World Net Electricity Generation by Fuel: 2007-2035
• Renewable Portfolio Standards, Goals, United States: 2011
• Summary of Key Policies and Incentives in the United States and Canada
• Current Online Wind-Related Manufacturing Facilities in the United States
• Existing, Committed, and Potential Interconnection Lines between Jurisdictions
• Existing and Planned Wind Farms, Canada: 2010-2017
• Comparisons of Line Losses between AC and DC Transmission Cables
• Land Conversion from Agriculture, Wind vs. Concentrated Solar Energy
• Energy Projects Currently Being “Stalled, Stopped, or Killed”
• Comparing the Price of Wind and Natural Gas, United States: 2003-2009
• NREL Ranking of Overnight Capital Costs for Power Plants
• Cost Elements of Capital Investment in New Wind Projects: Europe
• Comparisons of Operations and Maintenance Costs per MWh of Generation: 2006
• Types of Repairs for Onshore Wind Turbines (2.5 kW to 1.5 MW): 2008
• Cost of Wind Turbine Components: 2009
• Prospective Impact of Innovations in Onshore Wind Turbines on Cost/kWh
• Diagram of a Typical Nacelle
• Evolution of Wind Technology Prototype Designs in the United States
• Cost Rationale for Offshore Wind
• Global Annual Wind Turbine Market Share by Manufacturer: 2008-2010
• Forecasted Energy Use by Fuel Type: 1990-2035
• EIA Forecasts of Net Electricity Generation Fuels: 2007-2035
• Cumulative Installed Capacity by Region and Technology: 2009

List of Tables

• Comparing Technology, Policy, and Capital Environments
• Offshore Wind SWOT Analysis
• Comparing Technology, Policy, and Capital Environments
• Wind as a Percentage of Electricity Generation, Top Countries
• Cumulative Installed Wind Capacity by Country, North America:  2008-2017
• New Additions of Onshore Wind Capacity by Country, North America: 2009-2017
• Cumulative Offshore Wind Installed Capacity by State and Country, North America: 2008-2017
• New Additions of Offshore Wind Capacity by State and Country, North America: 2009-2017
• Growth in Cumulative Installed Wind Capacity by Country, North America: 2008-2017
• New Additions of All Wind Capacity by Country, North America: 2009-2017
• Estimated Onshore Wind Energy Production by Country, North America: 2008-2017
• Offshore Wind Power Production Revenues by State and Country, North America: 2011-2017
• Average Onshore Wind Turbine Price per Kilowatt by Country, North America: 2008-2017
• Annual Onshore Wind Turbine Investments by Country, North America: 2009-2017
• Annual Onshore and Offshore Wind Installation Costs by Country, North America: 2010-2017
• Annual Onshore Wind Installation Costs by Country, North America: 2010-2017
• Annual Offshore Wind Installation Costs by State and Country, North America: 2010-2017
• Global Annual Wind Turbine Market Share by Manufacturer: 2008-2010
• 12 Largest Wind Farms in Operation Today
• Top 15 Largest Wind Turbines, Commercially Available or Under Research and Development: 2011
• Major Wind Turbine Company Merger & Acquisition Activity: 2009-2011

Power generation from small wind turbines is an increasingly important part of the broader market for renewable distributed energy generation. Small wind power provides cost-effective electricity on a highly localized level, both in remote settings as well as in conjunction with power from the utility grid. Growth in the industry is being driven by increased awareness of small wind technologies as an alternative source of electric power, the desire for community ownership of power generation, and the recognition that investment in small wind turbines can be an enduring source of economic development for the locales in which they are deployed.

Despite their benefits, small wind turbines have not enjoyed the same level of innovation when it comes to unique financing and business models, particularly when compared with distributed solar energy. This is largely because small wind turbines are currently more efficient than solar photovoltaic systems and, therefore, more economical from a levelized cost of energy perspective. In a region with adequate wind resources, the payback for a small wind system can be 5-10 years and does not require creative financing, like solar often does. Business models that are gaining traction in the small wind sector include leasing programs and utility or third-party ownership, and as the technology develops further, Pike Research anticipates that the price of turbines will continue to fall.

This Pike Research report examines the global market for small wind power including the equipment, components, and installation and service models to enable distributed energy generation from small wind turbines. The report provides a comprehensive examination of industry growth drivers, technology issues, regulatory frameworks, financing structures, and the competitive landscape. Global market forecasts, segmented by world region, extend through 2015.

Key Questions Addressed:

• Which countries will lead in small wind development over the next several years – and why?
• How does small wind power compare against other Renewable Distributed Energy Generation technologies?
• What are the most common applications for small wind power systems?
• What is the current status and outlook for small wind power financial incentives?
• How much does it cost to install small wind turbines in each country?
• Who are the small wind power market leaders and where are they working?
• How is technological innovation playing a role in the development of the small wind power industry?
• Who is investing in small wind power?
• What key barriers and opportunities will shape the small wind power market?
• How much capital will be invested in total small wind installations by 2015?

Who needs this report?

• Small wind turbine and component manufacturers
• Small wind and other renewable energy vendors and distributors
• Small wind industry service providers (law firms, banks, recruiters)
• Economic development agencies
• Business schools
• Think-tanks, non-profits, and industry associations
• Government agencies and regulators
• Investor community
• Distributed power generation and community wind power advocates

Table of Contents

1.     Executive Summary

1.1  A Brief History

1.1.1    Early U.S. Development Efforts

1.1.2    The Energy Crisis of the 1970s:  California Boom Year

1.2  Big Growth in Small Markets

1.3  RDEG Market Growth:  2009-2015

1.4  The Three Primary Growth Drivers for Small Wind Turbines

1.5  Emerging Trends in Small Wind Turbine Deployment

1.6  Opportunities for Small Wind Turbine Deployment

2.     Market Issues

2.1  Defining the Market

2.2  What Is Distributed Energy Generation?

2.3  Defining Small Wind Systems

2.4  Status of the Small Wind Market

2.4.1    Demand for Small Wind Exists Globally

2.4.2    Investment Dollars Drive Technological Development and Market Expansion

2.4.3    Focus of Leading SWT Companies Shifts from the U.S. to the U.K. Market

2.5  Industry Growth Drivers

2.5.1    Global Renewable Energy Generation Trends

2.5.2    Legislative and Regulatory Mandates

2.5.3    Financial Incentives and Public Policies

2.5.3.1    Feed-in Tariffs

2.5.3.2    Grants

2.5.3.3    Interconnection and Permitting Standards

2.5.3.4    Loan Programs

2.5.3.5    Net Metering Policies

2.5.3.6    Property Tax Incentives

2.5.3.7    Public Benefit Funds

2.5.3.8    Rebate Programs

2.5.3.9    Renewable Portfolio Standards

2.5.3.10  Sales Tax Incentives

2.5.3.11  Renewable Energy Certificates

2.5.4    Asset Ownership

2.5.5    Improvements to Existing Technologies

2.5.5.1    Small Wind Technology Innovations

2.5.6    Microgrids

2.5.7    Other Drivers

2.5.7.1    Push for Energy Independence and Energy Security

2.5.7.2    Benefits of Green Marketing

2.5.7.3    World Demand and Pricing of Fossil Fuels

2.6  Implementation Issues

2.6.1    Grid Interconnection

2.6.2    Grid Integrity and Safety

2.6.3    Standards and Permitting

3.     Technology Issues

3.1  Basic Principles

3.1.1    Types

3.1.1.1    Horizontal Axis

3.1.1.2    Vertical Axis

3.1.2    Strengths and Weaknesses

3.1.3    Cost

3.1.4    Efficiency

3.1.5    Reliability

3.1.6    Scalability

3.1.7    Availability

3.2  Grid-Tied vs. Off-Grid Installations

3.3  Small Wind Applications

3.3.1    Residential

3.3.2    Commercial/Retail

3.3.3    Government and Institutions

3.3.4    Farms

3.3.5    Telecom Primary and Backup Power

3.3.6    Marine, Remote Monitoring, and Security

3.3.7    Hybrid Systems

3.3.8    Community Projects

3.3.8.1  Community Wind

4.     Demand Drivers

4.1  Developed Nations vs. Developing Nations

4.2  North America

4.2.1    United States

4.2.1.1    Federal Level

4.2.1.2    State Level

4.2.2    Canada

4.2.3    Mexico

4.3  Europe

4.3.1    Germany

4.3.2    Spain

4.3.3    Italy

4.3.4    United Kingdom

4.3.5    France

4.3.6    European Union

4.3.7    Rest of Europe

4.4  Asia Pacific

4.4.1    China

4.4.2    Japan

4.4.3    South Korea

4.4.4    Australia

4.4.5    India

4.5  Rest of World

4.5.1    Africa

4.5.2    The Middle East

4.6  Conventional Energy Sources

4.6.1    Fuel Supply and Demand

4.7  Electricity Rates

4.8  Cost/kWh:  Small Wind vs. Conventional Sources

4.9  Permitting and Siting Centralized Plants

5.     Competitive Landscape

5.1  Small Wind Systems

5.2  Key Players

5.2.1    Bergey Wind Power

5.2.2    Endurance Energy

5.2.3    Northern Power Systems

5.2.4    Southwest Windpower

5.2.5    Wind Turbine Industries Corporation

6.     Market Forecasts

6.1  World Renewable Distributed Energy Generation

6.2  Small Wind Systems

6.2.1    North America

6.2.2    Europe

6.2.3    Asia Pacific

6.2.4    Rest of World

6.2.4.1    The Middle East

6.2.4.2    Africa

7.     Company Directory
8.     Acronym and Abbreviation List
9.     Table of Contents
10.   Table of Charts and Figures
11.   Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

• Small Wind Turbine Installations, World Markets: 2006-2011
• Small Wind Turbine Systems Annual Capacity of Installed Systems, World Markets: 2006-2011F
• Annual RDEG Capacity Additions, World Markets: 2009-2015
• Small Wind System Installed Capacity Additions, World Markets: 2009A-2015
• Small Wind System Installed Revenue, World Markets: 2009-2015
• Small Wind System Installed Capacity Additions, Amercias: 2009A-2015
• Small Wind System Installed Capacity Additions, Europe: 2009A-2015
• Distributed PV Annual Capacity Additions, Asia Pacific: 2009-2015
• Small Wind System Installed Capacity Additions, Middle East & Africa and Rest of World: 2009A-2015
• Small Wind Installed Capacity, World Markets: 2009A-2015
• Forecasted Energy Use by Fuel Type through 2035
• EIA Forecasts of Net Electricity Generation Fuels: 2007-2035
• Cumulative Installed Capacity by Region and Technology: 2009
• Renewable Energy Share of Global Electricity Production: 2010
• Basic Wind Turbine Designs
• Representative Global Deployments of Telecom Backup Power by Technology
• Renewable Portfolio Standards by State
• Cumulative Number of Installed Small Wind Systems by System Size, United Kingdom: 2005-2011
• Average Household Electricity Rates in Select Countries: 2009
• Average Industrial Electricity Rates in Select Countries:  2009
• Comparative Cost of New Generation by Source: 2008

List of Tables

• Distributed Energy Generation Technology Comparison
• Price Summary for Small Wind Feed-in Tariffs, World Markets: 2011
• Global Summary – Renewable Energy Policies and Incentives
• Small Wind Turbine Capacity Additions & Installations, World Markets: 2006-2011F
• Small Wind Turbine Systems Annual Number of Systems Installed, World Markets: 2006-2011F
• Small Wind Turbine Systems Annual Capacity of Installed Systems, World Markets: 2005-2011F
• Wind System Strengths and Weaknesses
• Global Summary – Renewable Energy Policies and Incentives
• Top Small Wind Turbine Manufacturers by Kilowatts Sold: 2009
• Top Wind Turbine Manufacturers by Number of Turbines Sold
• Annual Growth of Small Wind Capacity, World Markets: 2009-2015
• Small Wind System Installed Capacity Additions, World Markets: 2009-2015
• Average Small Wind System Installed Price, World Markets: 2009-2015
• Small Wind System Installed Revenue, World Markets: 2009-2015

The implications of these policy documents cannot be underestimated, as they form a blueprint for the transition to a Smart Energy economy and a Smart Transport network within and across 27 countries, with a total population of 501 million people. This emerging policy framework will have a profound effect on the development of clean energy, the smart grid, and intelligent transportation systems.

This Pike Research white paper examines issues related to the EU 2050 targets and analyzes their implications alongside broader economic opportunities, such as creating a world-leading cleantech investment hub in the European Union and developing a robust energy infrastructure based on low-carbon technologies. The paper provides interpretation and analysis of policy trends as they relate to the development and adoption of emerging smart energy and transportation technologies and operational models.

What does this report answer?

• What are the current EU policy documents affecting smart grids and smart transportation development?
• What are the potential implications for technology development of the 2050 GHG emissions targets in the EU?
• Which technologies are likely to be further developed and deployed in the EU?
• Which will win in the EU – batteries or fuel cells?
• What are the EU 2050 GHG targets by sector?

Who needs this report?

• Policy makers
• Technology vendors
• Industry associations
• Government agencies
• Investor community
• Utilities

Table of Contents

1.      Executive Summary

1.1         EU-27 Moves to a Low Carbon Economy

2.     EU Low Carbon Economy Policy Background

2.1         Overview

2.2         2008 Energy and Emissions Profile

3.     Implications of the  EU Low Carbon Economy Policies

3.1         Overview

3.2         Energy

3.3         Transport

3.4         Energy Efficiency

3.5         Policy Discussion

4.     Summary and Conclusions

4.1         Technology Development and Deployment

4.1.1       Shipping

4.1.2       Alternative Fuel Vehicle Refueling Technology

4.1.3       Residential

4.2         Development of Alternative Business Models

4.2.1       Energy Storage

4.2.2       Microgrids and Distributed Generation

4.3         Development of Alternative Consumption Models

4.3.1       The Use of ITS

4.3.2       Carbon Reduction at Residential Levels

5.     Appendix I – Reference List
6.     Acronym and Abbreviation List
7.     Table of Contents
8.     Table of Charts and Figures
9.     Scope of Study and Sources and Methodology

List of Charts and Figures

• Final Energy Consumption by Sector and Country, EU:  2008
• Final Energy Consumption by Sector and Country, EU:  2008
• Percentage Gross Inland Consumption by Fuel by Country, EU:  2008
• Renewable Energy Penetration Share per EU Nation:  2008
• Final Energy Consumption by Mode of Transport, EU:  2008
• GHG Emissions by Sector, EU:  1990-2008
• GHG Emissions by Sector, EU:  2008
• High-Speed Rail Network in Europe: 2010
• EU Infrastructure Priority Areas for Electricity, Natural Gas, and Oil:  2011
• Roadmap of the EU Smart Cities Initiative

List of Tables

• GHG Reductions Compared to 1990 (% Reductions; 1990 = 100%):  2005-2050
• GHG Reductions Compared to 1990 (% Reductions; 1990 = 100%):  2005-2050
• Assessment of R&D Requirements for the Core Focused Transport Systems
• Final Energy Consumption by Sector and Country, EU: 2008
• Percentage Gross Inland Consumption by Fuel by Country, EU: 2008
• Renewable Energy Penetration Share per EU Nation: 2008
• Final Energy Consumption by Mode of Transport, EU: 2008
• Percentage GHG Emissions by Sector, EU: 2008

While heat pump potential is high, installations currently represent just 1% of the heating and cooling market. Other direct use technology growth is more moderate and in some cases negative, which results in heat pumps occupying a rapidly expanding proportion of direct use deployments throughout the world. Today, at least 78 countries utilize geothermal direct use applications, with geothermal heat pumps representing roughly 50% of the direct use market. Led by the United States, China, and Sweden, direct use capacity reached 51GWt in 2010, representing 438,073 TJ/year in thermal energy used. Through 2017, Pike Research projects that 90% of added direct use capacity will come from heat pump installations, led primarily by select EU markets, China, and the United States.

This Pike Research report analyzes the global market opportunity for direct utilization of geothermal energy with a primary focus on heat pumps. The study includes a comprehensive examination of direct use markets, demand drivers, existing and emerging technologies, the public policy and regulatory environment, and key industry players. Market forecasts, segmented by geography, extend through 2017 and include examinations of market dynamics in all regions worldwide.

Key Questions Addressed:

• Which geothermal direct use applications are poised for the greatest growth?
• What is the market opportunity for geothermal heat pumps and direct use applications?
• What are the relative strengths and weaknesses of geothermal direct use applications?
• Where are geothermal heat pumps primarily utilized?
• What are the primary barriers to increased use of geothermal heat pumps?
• What policies will drive demand for geothermal heat pumps?

Who needs this report?

• Geothermal heat pump manufacturers
• Heat pump equipment distributors
• HVAC system installers
• Drilling specialists and ground loop installers
• Residential, commercial, and institutional building owners and managers
• Architects, engineers, and contractors
• Utilities
• Government agencies
• Industry associations
• Investor community

Table of Contents

1.     Executive Summary

1.1   Introduction

1.2   Direct-Use Geothermal Growth Outlook

1.3   Key Findings

2.     Market Issues

2.1   What Is Geothermal Energy?

2.2   How Is Geothermal Energy Used?

2.2.1     Geothermal Direct Use Applications

2.2.2     Geothermal for Power

2.3   Direct Use Market Overview

2.3.1     Space Heating Market Overview

2.3.2     Greenhouse and Covered Ground Heating Market Overview

2.3.3     Aquaculture Pond and Raceway Heating Market Overview

2.3.4     Agricultural Crop Drying Market Overview

2.3.5     Industrial Process Heat Market Overview

2.3.6     Snow Melting & Cooling

2.3.7     Bathing and Swimming

2.3.8     Other Uses

2.4   GHPs

2.4.1     Role of GHPs in Energy Markets

2.4.2     GHP Global Market Snapshot

2.4.2.1     U.S. GHP Market

2.4.2.2     European GHP Market

2.4.2.3     Asia Pacific GHP Market

2.4.3     GHP End-Use Market Segmentation

2.4.3.1     Residential Markets

2.4.3.2     Commercial and Institutional Markets

2.5   Why Geothermal Heat Pumps?

2.5.1     Benefits

2.5.1.1     Abundant Resource

2.5.1.2     Low Operating and Maintenance Costs

2.5.1.3     Efficiency

2.5.1.4     Durability and Reliability

2.5.1.5     Convenience and Safety

2.5.1.6     Flexibility

2.5.2     Drawbacks

2.5.2.1     Upfront Expense

2.5.2.2     Other Concerns

2.5.2.2.1.    Maintenance

2.5.2.2.2.    Water Dependency and Contamination

2.5.2.2.3.    Concerns Associated with Use of Antifreeze

2.5.2.2.4.    Coordination of Various Components

2.6   GHP Market Drivers

2.6.1     Rising Energy Costs

2.6.2     Electricity Demand

2.6.3     Energy Efficiency

2.6.4     Climate Change

2.6.4.1     EU ETS Directive

2.6.5     Job Creation

2.6.6     Alternative Energy Mandates

2.6.6.1     Select National Mandates from International Markets

2.6.6.1.1.    European Union

2.6.6.1.2.    China

2.6.6.2     Renewable Portfolio Standards in the United States

2.6.7     Government Incentives

2.6.7.1     Select International Incentives

2.6.7.2     United States

2.6.7.2.1.    Tax Credits and Subsidies

2.6.7.2.2.    Loans, Grants, and Rebates

2.7   GHP Barriers & Market Constraints

2.7.1.1     High Capital Costs

2.7.1.1.1.    Models for Shifting Installation Cost Burden

2.7.1.1.2.    Policy Improvements

2.7.1.2     Consumer Knowledge

2.7.2     Other Barriers

2.7.2.1     Lack of Standardized Cost and Feasibility Analysis

2.7.2.2     Energy Prices

2.7.2.2.1.    Natural Gas

2.7.2.2.2.    Heating Oil

2.7.2.3     Space Constraints

2.7.2.4     Distribution Issues & Lack of Regional Expert

2.8   GHP Economics

2.8.1     GHP Unit Costs

2.8.2     GHP Installation Costs

2.8.3     Operating & Maintenance Costs

2.8.4     DOD Experience

3.     Technology Issues

3.1   Geothermal Direct Use Technology Overview

3.1.1     Geothermal Terminology

3.1.2     GHP Technology Overview

3.1.2.1     GHP Cooling

3.1.2.2     GHP Heating

3.2   GHP System Components

3.2.1     Heat Pump

3.2.2     Geothermal Loop

3.2.3     Optional Components

3.3   GHP versus Air-Source Heat Pumps

3.4   GHP Loops

3.4.1     Closed-Loop Systems

3.4.1.1     Horizontal

3.4.1.1.1.    SLINKY Spiral System

3.4.1.2     Vertical

3.4.1.3     Pond/Groundwater

3.4.2     Open-Loop Systems

3.4.2.1     Standing Column Well (“Well Water”)

3.4.3     Direct Exchange

3.5   Optimizing the Loop System

3.5.1     Evaluating GHP Sites

3.5.1.1     Geology

3.5.1.2     Hydrology

3.5.1.3     Land Availability

3.5.2     Types of Loop Piping

3.5.3     Heat Transfer Fluids

3.5.4     Combining Septic Systems with Loops

3.6   GHP Efficiency

3.6.1     Energy Consumption

3.6.2     Rating GHP Heating and Cooling Efficiency

3.6.2.1     Cooling Ratings in the United States

3.6.2.2     Heating Ratings in the United States

3.6.3     GHP Energy Star Ratings in the United States

3.6.4     ASHP Ratings

3.7   Installing GHPs

3.7.1     Ground-Loop Installation

3.7.2     GHP Unit Installation

3.8   Optimizing GHP Technology

3.8.1     Increasing GHP Efficiency

3.8.1.1     Loop Temperature versus Operating Costs

3.8.1.2     Adding VFDs to the Pumps

3.8.1.3     Energy Recovery of Ventilation Air

3.8.2     Geothermal and Green Building

3.8.2.1     Maximizing LEED Points

3.8.2.2     Net-Zero Energy Buildings

3.8.3     R&D Financing

3.8.3.1     Financing Innovation

3.8.3.2     Sampling of Specific Research Efforts

4.     Key Industry Players

4.1   Geothermal Direct Use Industry Overview

4.2   GHP Industry Overview

4.3   GHP Manufacturers

4.3.1     Carrier

4.3.2     ClimateMaster

4.3.3     Enertech

4.3.4     FHP–Bosch Group

4.3.5     GeoMaster

4.3.6     GeoSystems

4.3.7     NIBE

4.3.8     WaterFurnace

4.3.9     Chinese Manufacturers

4.4   GHP Service Providers

4.4.1     Geothermal International

4.4.2     Hydro-Temp

4.4.3     Laibe Corporation

5.     Market Forecasts

5.1   Global Renewable Energy Trends

5.1.1     Geothermal Direct Use Trends

5.1.2     GHP Trends

5.2   Geothermal Direct Use Forecast Methodological Overview

5.2.1     Global Direct Use Forecast

5.2.2     Regional Direct Use Forecasts

5.2.2.1     North America

5.2.2.2     Latin America

5.2.2.3     Eastern Europe

5.2.2.4     Western Europe

5.2.2.5     Asia Pacific

5.2.2.6     Africa

5.2.2.7     Middle East

5.3   GHP Global Market Outlook

5.3.1     North America

5.3.1.1     United States

5.3.1.2     Canada

5.3.1.3     Latin America

5.3.1.4     Eastern Europe

5.3.1.5     Western Europe

5.3.1.6     Asia Pacific

5.3.1.6.1.    China

5.3.1.7     Africa

5.3.1.8     Middle East

6.     Company Directory
7.     Acronym and Abbreviation List
8.     Table of Contents
9.     Table of Charts and Figures
10.   Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

• Direct Use Capacity Growth by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Top Ten Countries Utilizing Geothermal Direct Use Resources: 2010
• Geothermal Direct Use Market Share by Region, World Markets: 2010
• Top Ten Countries Utilizing Geothermal Heat Pump Technology: 2010
• GHP Market Share by Region, World Markets: 2010
• Top Six Countries Utilizing GHP, Europe: 2010
• GHP Market Share by Country, Asia Pacific: 2010
• New Housing Starts, United States: 2001-2010
• GHP Cost Breakdown
• Top Ten Manufacturers of Energy Star Rated GHP Units, United States: 2010
• Direct Use Capacity Growth by Application, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Direct Use Capacity Growth by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Direct Use Capacity Growth by Application, North America: 2011-2017
• Direct Use Capacity Growth by Application, Latin America: 2011-2017
• Direct Use Capacity Growth by Application, Eastern Europe: 2011-2017
• Direct Use Capacity Growth by Application, Western Europe: 2011-2017
• Direct Use Capacity Growth by Application, Asia Pacific: 2011-2017
• Direct Use Capacity Growth by Application, Africa: 2011-2017
• Direct Use Capacity Growth by Application, Middle East: 2011-2017
• GHP Capacity Growth by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• GHP Shipments by Model Type, United States: 2010-2017
• GHP Revenue by Model Type, United States: 2011-1017
• GHP Capacity Growth, Western Europe: 2011-2017
• GHP Capacity Growth, Asia Pacific: 2011-2017
• GHP Shipments, United States: 2004-2009
• Analysis of Ground-Loop Installation Costs
• Geothermal Resource Temperatures and Potential Direct Use Applications
• Residential GHP System (Cooling Mode)
• Residential GHP System (Heating Mode)
• Overview of Closed-Loop GHP Systems
• Installation of SLINKY Spiral System
• EPA Energy Star 3.0 GHP Specification

List of Tables

• Geothermal Direct Use Market Share by Application, World Markets: 2011
• Geothermal Heat Pumps & Direct Use Market Share by Region, World Markets: 2011
• Geothermal Direct Use by Country, World Markets: 2010
• Top Ten Countries Utilizing GHPs by Installed Capacity, World Markets: 2010
• GHP Installed Capacity by Country, World Markets: 2010
• Estimated Efficiency of High-Efficiency Heating Options
• Cost per 1 Million Btu of Heating Output of High-Efficiency Heating Options
• Approximate GSP Cost Breakdown by Component
• New Home Starts, United States: 2001-2010
• GHP Domestic Shipments by Sector and Model Type, United States: 2010
• Rated Capacity of GHP Shipments by Model Type, United States: 2000-2009
• Number of Energy Star GHP-Qualified Products by Brand Name, United States: 2011
• Geothermal Direct Use Capacity and Thermal Use by Region, World Markets: 2010
• Projected Geothermal Direct Use Growth by Application, North America: 2010-2017
• Projected Geothermal Direct Use Growth by Application, Latin America: 2010-2017
• Projected Geothermal Direct Use Growth by Application, Eastern Europe: 2010-2017
• Projected Geothermal Direct Use Growth by Application, Western Europe: 2010-2017
• Projected Geothermal Direct Use Growth by Application, Asia Pacific: 2010-2017
• Projected Geothermal Direct Use Growth by Application, Africa: 2010-2017
• Projected Geothermal Direct Use Growth by Application, Middle East: 2010-2017
• Growth in Geothermal Direct Use Capacity by Application, World Markets: 1995-2017
• Growth in Geothermal Direct Use Utilization by Application, World Markets: 1995-2017
• Growth in GHP Market Value by Application, World Markets: 2010-2017
• GHP Shipments by Model Type, United States: 2000-2017
• Revenue from GHP Shipments by Model Type, United States: 2008-2017
• Projected GHP Shipments by Destination, United States: 2008-2017

Despite the challenging market conditions for the global wind energy industry, this is a dynamic time for innovation in the market as companies are pushing turbines to sizes never before thought practical or economical. Some of the world’s top engineering challenges of the 21st century are taking place in factories longer than football fields. But there is also much at stake as the companies push limits and take major risks in an increasingly competitive sector.

China’s leadership in wind energy deployment is both an opportunity and a challenge for European and American companies looking to compete in that market and internationally. Europe remains a technology leader and is carving out the next frontier of wind energy with offshore deployments. The United States is lagging in many respects, but most industry players are optimistic for what the future holds as costs continue to drop dramatically. In some markets, wind energy has already reached grid parity, a trend that will continue to become more common around the world.

This Pike Research report provides an in-depth analysis of global opportunities in the onshore and offshore wind energy markets, as well as an examination of key challenges facing the industry. It examines technology innovations that will influence the future direction of the market, and also features detailed profiles of key industry players, including a competitive regional analysis of the three major wind energy markets today across their respective technology, policy, and capital environments. Market forecasts extend through 2017 and include projections for installed capacity, installation costs, and offshore production revenue, all segmented by onshore, offshore, region, and country.

Key Questions Addressed:

• Which countries will lead in onshore and offshore wind development over the next six years – and why?
• How did the global financial crisis and recession affect each region’s wind energy market?
• How do the technology, policy, and capital environments compare across Asia Pacific, Europe, and North America?
• How will the Chinese turbine manufacturers’ international expansion affect the global market for wind turbines?
• Has wind energy reached grid parity?
• How much does it cost to install wind turbines in each country?
• Who are the leaders in the push to larger wind turbines and where are they being deployed?
• What key barriers and opportunities will shape the global wind energy market?
• How much capital will be invested in total wind installations by 2017?

Who needs this report?

• Wind turbine and component manufacturers
• Wind energy industry service providers
• Economic development agencies
• Utilities
• Industry associations
• Government agencies
• Investor community

Table of Contents

1.      Executive Summary

1.1  Global Wind Energy Market Outlook

1.2  Global Wind Power Market Forecasts

1.3  Key Trends and Profiles of Wind Turbine Manufacturers and System Designers

2.     Market Issues

2.1  Defining the Market & Macro Trends

2.2  Wind Power Growth during the Financial Crisis and Recession

2.2.1    Asia Pacific

2.2.2    Europe

2.2.3    North America

2.3  Wind Power in the Context of All Electricity Sources

2.4  Offshore Wind

2.4.1    Better Power Production Capacity Factors

2.5  Industry Growth Drivers

2.5.1    Comparing Technological Innovation: Europe Leads, North America Gains, China Joins the Race

2.5.1.1    Technological Innovation: Europe

2.5.1.2    Technological Innovation: North America

2.5.1.3    Technological Innovation: Asia Pacific

2.5.2    Comparing Policy Environments: China Sets Ambitious Path, Europe Adjusts But Stays on Target, United States Scrambles as States Lead

2.5.2.1    Policy Environment: Asia Pacific

2.5.2.2    Policy Environment: Europe

2.5.2.3    Policy Environment: North America

2.5.3    Comparing Capital Environments: China Unfazed, Europe Slows, United States Falters

2.5.3.1    Capital Environment: Asia Pacific

2.5.3.2    Capital Environment: Europe

2.5.3.3    Capital Environment: North America

2.6  Increasing Demand for Energy over the Long Term

2.7  Cost of Conventional Energy Source Trends

2.7.1    United States

2.7.2    Europe

2.7.3    Asia Pacific and the Rest of the World

2.8  Carbon Emission Reduction

2.9  Renewable Energy Targets

2.9.1    European Union

2.9.2    North America

2.9.3    Asia Pacific

2.10  Incentives and Subsidies

2.10.1  North America

2.10.2  Europe

2.10.3  Asia Pacific

2.11  Job Creation

2.12  Implementation Issues

2.12.1  Grid Integration

2.12.2  United States

2.12.3  China

2.12.4  Europe

2.13  Overcoming Intermittency and Institutional Barriers

2.14  Land Use Impacts

2.14.1  Less Land Use Impact than Solar

2.15  Permitting Delays

2.16  Wind Power Cost Competitive With Fossil Fuels?

2.16.1  Net Installation Cost of Onshore Wind Power

2.16.2  Turbine costs

2.16.3  Balance of System Costs

2.16.4  Operations and Maintenance Costs

2.16.5  Refurbishment Costs

2.16.6  Net Cost of Offshore Wind Power

2.16.7  Financing

3.     Technology Issues

3.1  Wind Turbine Basics

3.1.1    Towers

3.1.2    Nacelles and Interior Components

3.1.3    Gearboxes and Generators

3.1.4    Rotors – Blades and Hub

3.1.5    Wind Turbine Raw Materials

3.1.5.1    Rare Earth Metals

3.1.6    Types

3.1.6.1    Horizontal versus Vertical Axis

3.1.6.2    Upwind Versus Downwind

3.1.6.3    Three Blades versus Two Blades

3.2  Efficiency

3.3  Reliability

3.4  Scalability

3.5  Availability

3.6  Technology Trends

3.6.1    Technology Trend: Innovation in Component Design & Reliability

3.6.2    Technology Trend: Direct Drive Gaining Versus Traditional Geared Turbine

3.6.3    Technology Trend: Self-Erecting Towers & On-Site Manufacturing

3.6.4    Technology Trend: Increasing Turbine Capacities to Increase Economies of Scale

3.6.5    Technology Trend: Wind Energy Storage

3.6.6    Technology Trend: Wind Forecasting Improvements

4.     Market Forecasts

4.1  Global Renewable Energy Generation Trends

4.2  Wind Energy Market Forecasts: Three Scenarios

4.2.1    Scenario 1:  Baseline Forecast

4.2.2    Scenario 2:  Regional Austerity & Delays Forecast

4.2.3    Scenario 3:  Government Pullback Forecast

4.3  Regional Forecasts

4.3.1    North America

4.3.1.1    United States

4.3.1.2    Canada

4.3.2    Latin America

4.3.2.1    Brazil

4.3.2.2    Mexico

4.3.3    Europe

4.3.3.1    Germany

4.3.3.2    Spain

4.3.3.3    Italy

4.3.3.4    France

4.3.3.5    United Kingdom

4.3.3.6    Portugal

4.3.3.7    Netherlands

4.3.3.8    Denmark

4.3.3.9    Romania

4.3.3.10  Turkey

4.3.3.11  Sweden

4.3.3.12  Norway

4.3.3.13  Ireland

4.3.3.14  Finland

4.3.4    Asia Pacific

4.3.4.1    China

4.3.4.2    India

4.3.4.3    Japan

4.3.4.4    Australia

4.3.4.5    South Korea

4.3.5    Africa and Middle East

5.     Key Industry Trends and Company Profiles

5.1  Trends among Turbine Manufacturers, Component Suppliers, and Design Service Providers

5.1.1    Companies’ Global Footprint Cushions Regional Economic Troubles

5.1.2    Chinese Turbine Manufacturers Leap Ahead and Abroad Amid Criticism

5.1.3    Consolidation Leads to More Vertically Integrated Companies

5.2  Key Profiles

5.2.1    Wind Turbine Manufacturers and System Design

5.2.1.1    ACCIONA Energia

5.2.1.2    Enercon

5.2.1.3    Gamesa

5.2.1.4    GE Wind Energy

5.2.1.5    Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

5.2.1.6    Nordex

5.2.1.7    Suzlon Energy

5.2.1.8    REpower Systems AG

5.2.1.9    Siemens AG

5.2.1.10  Vestas

5.2.1.11  Sinovel Wind Group

5.2.1.12  Goldwind Science & Technology Co. Ltd

5.2.1.13  Dongfang Electric Corporation Limited

5.2.1.14  American Superconductor (AMSC)

5.2.1.15  Clipper Windpower

5.2.1.16  Nordic Windpower

5.2.2    Turbine Component Manufacturers

5.2.2.1    Bosch Rexroth

5.2.2.2    LM Wind Power

6.      Company Directory
7.      Acronym and Abbreviation List
8.      Table of Contents
9.      Table of Charts and Figures
10.    Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

• Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2017
• Annual Wind Power Capacity Additions, World Markets: 2008-2010
• Cumulative Wind Power Generation Capacity by Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2015
• Annual Wind Power Capacity Additions by Scenario, World Markets: 2009-2017
• Cumulative Wind Power Generation Capacity by Region, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2017
• Annual Wind Power Generation Capacity Additions by Region, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2009-2017
• Cumulative Wind Power Generation Capacity by Region, Austerity & Delays Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2017
• Annual Wind Power Generation Capacity Additions by Region, Austerity & Delays Scenario: 2009-2017
• Cumulative Wind Power Generation Capacity by Region, Government Pullback Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2017
• Annual Wind Power Generation Capacity Additions by Region, Government Pullback Scenario: 2008-2017
• Cumulative Wind Power Generation Capacity, Baseline Scenario, North America: 2008-2017
• Cumulative Wind Power Generation Capacity, Baseline Scenario, Latin America: 2008-2017
• Cumulative Wind Power Generation Capacity, Baseline Scenario, Top Eight European Countries: 2008-2017
• Cumulative Power Generation Capacity, Top Four Asia Pacific Countries: 2008-2015
• Cumulative Power Generation Capacity, Middle East & Africa: 2008-2015
• Global Wind Turbine Market by Manufacturer: 2008-2010
• Wind Energy Market Definition
• U.S. Annual Power Capacity Additions by Percentage
• European Offshore Wind Projects, in MW: June 2010
• World Net Electricity Generation by Fuel: 2007-2035
• Share of Consumption of Energy from Renewable Sources, Select European Cities: 2005, 2020
• Renewable Portfolio Standards, Goals, United StatesM
• Summary of European Government Support Mechanisms
• China’s Regional Fixed Wind Energy Prices
• Current Online Wind-Related Manufacturing Facilities in the United States
• Comparisons of Line Losses between AC and DC Transmission Cables
• Land Conversion from Agriculture: Wind versus Concentrated Solar Energy
• Energy Projects Currently Being “Stalled, Stopped or Killed”
• Comparing the Price of Wind and Natural Gas, U.S. Market: 2003-2009
• NREL Ranking of Overnight Capital Costs for Power Plants
• Cost Elements of Capital Investment in New Wind Projects (Europe)
• Comparisons of Operations and Maintenance Costs per MWh of Generation
• Types of Repairs for Onshore Wind Turbines (2.5 kW to 1.5 MW), 2008
• Cost of Wind Turbine Components
• Prospective Impact of Innovations in Onshore Wind Turbines on Cost/kWh
• Diagram of a Typical Nacelle
• Growth in Rotor Diameter and Turbine Capacity
• Cost Rationale for Offshore Wind
• Forecasted Energy Use by Fuel Type Through 2035
• EIA Forecasts of Net Electricity Generation Fuels by 2035
• Cumulative Installed Capacity by Region and Technology: 2009
• Global Annual Wind Turbine Market Share by Manufacturer: 2008-2010

List of Tables

• Comparing Technology, Policy, and Capital Environments
• Wind Energy Industry SWOT Analysis
• Offshore Wind SWOT Analysis
• Comparing Technology, Policy, and Capital Environments
• Wind as a Percentage of Electricity Generation, Top Countries
• Cumulative Installed Wind Capacity by Country, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2017
• Cumulative Installed Onshore Wind Capacity by Country, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2017
• New Additions of Onshore Wind Capacity by Country, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2009-2017
• New Additions of Onshore Wind Capacity by Country, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2009-2017
• New Additions of Offshore Wind Capacity by Country, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2009-2017
• Growth in Cumulative Installed Wind Capacity by Country, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2017
• New Additions of All Wind Capacity by Country, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2009-2017
• Onshore Wind Energy Production by Country, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2017
• Offshore Wind Power Production Revenues, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Average Onshore Wind Turbine Price per Kilowatt by Country, All Scenarios, World Markets: 2008-2017
• Annual Onshore Wind Turbine Investments by Country, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2009-2017
• Annual Onshore and Offshore Wind Installation Costs, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2010-2017
• Annual Onshore Wind Installation Costs, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2010-2017
• Annual Offshore Wind Installation Costs, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2010-2017
• Cumulative Installed Onshore Wind Capacity by Country, Austerity & Delays Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2017
• New Additions of Onshore Wind Capacity by Country, Austerity & Delays Scenario, World Markets: 2009-2017
• Growth in Cumulative Onshore Installed Wind Capacity by Country, Austerity & Delays Scenario, World Markets: 2009-2017
• Offshore Wind Installed Capacity, Austerity & Delays Scenario, World Markets, World Markets: 2008-2017
• New Additions of Offshore Wind Capacity by Country, Austerity & Delays Scenario, World Markets: 2009-2017
• Growth in Cumulative Offshore Wind Capacity by Country, Austerity & Delays Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2017
• Cumulative Installed Onshore Wind Capacity by Country, Government Pullback Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2017
• New Additions of Onshore Wind Capacity by Country, Government Pullback Scenario, World Markets: 2009-2017
• Growth in Cumulative Installed Onshore Wind Capacity by Country, Government Pullback Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2017
• Cumulative Installed Offshore Wind Capacity by Country, Government Pullback Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2017
• New Additions of Offshore Wind Capacity by Country, Government Pullback Scenario, World Markets: 2009-2017
• Growth in Cumulative Offshore Wind Capacity by Country, Government Pullback Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2017
• Global Annual Wind Turbine Market Share by Manufacturer: 2008-2010
• 12 Largest Wind Farms in Operation Today
• Top 15 Largest Wind Turbines, Commercially Available or Under Research and Development: 2011
• Major Wind Turbine Company Merger & Acquisition Activity: 2009-2011

Military investment in renewable energy and related technologies, in many cases, holds the potential to bridge the “valley of death” that lies between research & development and full commercialization of these technologies. As such, the myriad of DOD initiatives focused on fostering cleantech is anticipated to have a substantial impact on the development and growth of the industry as a whole. With projects ranging from the utilization of solar and wind power for electricity generation, to the adoption of fuel cells for portable power, to the deployment of microgrids for forward base operations and the use of alternative fuels for land, air, and sea transport, all branches of the U.S. military – and many other military and defense entities around the world – are major players in the global cleantech industry.

This Pike Research report provides a comprehensive examination of military applications for renewable energy and related clean technologies including solar, wind, biomass, geothermal, hydrokinetic energy, biofuels and synfuels, fuel cells, microgrids, smart meters, and energy efficiency, among others. The study analyzes the economics and performance characteristics of emerging energy technologies across a host of application areas within the facilities, transport, and portable power domains. It includes detailed profiles of key industry players and provides detailed market forecasts through 2030.

Key Questions Addressed:

• What is the National Security Mandate to incorporate renewable energy technologies into the mainstream of military and DOD activities?
• What are the key DOD energy consumption and renewable energy initiatives for facilities and infrastructure?
• How much fuel does the DOD fuel consume and what are the leading alternative fuel initiatives?
• What are the key renewable energy initiatives to support soldier power and forward operating bases?
• What is the current status and direction of advancement of renewable energy technology for the DOD?
• What are the expected near term and long term trends for DOD development and incorporation of renewable energy and related clean energy technologies?

Who needs this report?

• Defense contractors
• Private industry renewable energy sectors
• Government agencies
• Utility and energy industries
• Renewable energy project developers
• Renewable energy manufacturers, suppliers, installers, and vendors
• Investor community and financial institutions
• Technology researchers

Table of Contents

1.     Executive Summary

1.1   Energy and National Security

1.2   Current Major Renewable Energy Initiatives

1.3   DOD Total Spending and Energy Consumption

1.4   U.S. and DOD Energy Consumption Patterns and Projections for Renewable Energy

1.5   DOD Energy Consumption Patterns

1.6   Renewable Energy Technologies for Facilities and Infrastructure

1.6.1    Energy Efficiency for DOD Facilities

1.6.2    Direct Investments in RE Initiatives

1.6.3    Net-Zero Plus Initiative

1.6.4    Enhanced Use Lease (EUL) and Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs)

1.7   Tactical Energy Consumption and Renewable Energy for Mobility

1.8   Renewable Energy Technologies in Forward Operating Bases and Tactical Operations

1.9   Market Forecast for DOD Spending on Procurement and Production of Renewable Energy

2.     Background: Directives and Policy

2.1   Energy and National Security

2.2   Energy – The New Declaration of Independence

2.3   Energy Security and the Military: The DOD Energy Security Task Force

2.3.1    DOD Energy Security Goals

2.3.2    Focus on New Technologies

2.4   U.S. Energy Independence and National Security Energy Mandates:  Major Legislation

2.4.1    Energy Policy Act 2005 (EPAct 2005) (Public Law 109-588, August 2005)

2.4.2    Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA 2007) (Public Law 110-140-19, December 2007)

2.4.3    National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) 2009 (Public Law 110-417-14, October 2008)

2.4.4    National Defense Authorization Act 2010 (Public Law 111-84-28, October 2009)

2.4.5    The ACES Act and Kerry-Lieberman American Power Act (2010)

2.4.6    Military Energy Security Act (DoDESA 2010) (H.R. 5230)

2.4.7    American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) (2009)

2.4.7.1     Key ARRA Renewable Energy-Related Appropriations

2.4.7.2     Key DOD ARRA 2009 Programs with Renewable Energy Implications

2.5   U.S. Energy Independence and National Security Energy Mandates: Executive Orders

2.5.1    Executive Order 13423 of January 24, 2007 Strengthening Federal Environmental, Energy, and Transportation Management

2.5.2    Executive Order 13514 of October 5, 2009 – Federal Leadership in Environmental, Energy, and Economic Performance

2.6   U.S. Energy Targets

2.6.1    U.S. Renewable Fuel Targets

2.6.2    U.S. State-Level Energy Goals and Standards

2.7   Implications of Climate Change on the Military and National Security

2.7.1    Effects of Climate Change on Foreign Policy

2.7.2    Effects of Climate Change on DOD and Military Operations

2.7.3    The Mandate for Climate Change Solutions and Reduction of GHG in the Name of National Security and Economic Stability

2.8   Fossil Fuel Limitations: Energy and Defense Implications

2.9   International Directives/Policy Initiatives on Climate Change/Greenhouse Gases/UNFCCC

2.9.1    UNFCCC: Rio 1992/Kyoto 1996/Copenhagen 2009

3.     Department of Defense Background

3.1   History

3.2   Organization/Structure/Departments within the DOD

3.2.1    Command Structure of the U.S. Military

3.3   Facilities and Installations

3.3.1    Military Bases

3.3.1.1     Global Distribution of U.S. Military Bases

3.3.1.2      U.S. Military Bases in the United States

3.4   DOD and Energy: Background

3.5   DOD Total Spending and Energy Consumption

3.5.1    DOD Spending Trends

3.5.1.1      Energy Consumption and Generation

3.5.2    U.S. and DOD Energy Consumption Patterns

3.5.3    U.S. Military Energy Consumption, Costs, CO2 Emissions

3.5.4    DOD Facility Energy Consumption

3.5.5    DOD Fuel Consumption

3.6   DOD Current Renewable Energy Priorities and Strategy

3.7   Energy as a Key Component of the DOD Acquisition Process

4.     Major Renewable Energy Markets

4.1   Total Military/Defense Energy Market

4.2   Major RE Markets by RE Sector

4.2.1    Solar Energy

4.2.1.1     Large-Scale Solar Facilities on DOD Property

4.2.1.2     Market Size

4.2.1.3     Cost

4.2.1.3.1.   Historic and Current Cost Trends of Solar PV on DOD Property

4.2.1.4     Space-Based Solar Power

4.2.1.5     Small-Scale Building Integrated Solar Photovoltaic (BIPV), Solar Thermal, and Solar Hot Water

4.2.1.6     Case Study: Ft. Drum, New York – Integration of Solar Thermal, Solar Air Heated, and Geothermal System

4.2.1.7     Case Studies: Recent DOD Contracts in Small-Scale Solar PV, Solar BIPV, and Power Purchase Agreements

4.2.1.7.1.   Atlantic Contingency Constructors

4.2.1.7.2.   SunEdison et al

4.2.1.7.3.   Borrego Solar Systems

4.2.1.8     Flexible Solar Technologies

4.2.2    Wind Energy

4.2.2.1     Wind Energy Trends in DOD Markets

4.2.2.2     Cost

4.2.2.2.1.   Cost per Kilowatt-Hour

4.2.2.2.2.   Equipment Costs

4.2.2.3     Market Size

4.2.2.4     Wind Turbine Conflicts with Military Radar

4.2.3    Biomass Energy

4.2.4    Geothermal Energy

4.2.4.1     Case Study: China Lake Naval Air Weapons Station

4.2.4.1.1.   China Lake: Key Industry Partners

4.2.4.2     Hydrocarbon Production Wells

4.2.4.3     Ground Source Geothermal Heat Pumps (GSHPs)

4.2.5    Waste to Energy

4.2.5.1     Leading Companies Currently Working with DOD on Waste to Energy (WTE)

4.2.5.2     Mobile Waste to Energy

4.2.6    Military Microgrids

4.2.6.1     DOD Microgrid Initiatives

4.2.6.1.1.   Overview

4.2.6.1.2.   Military Energy Surety Microgrid System

4.2.6.2     Case Study: Twentynine Palms Marine Base

4.2.6.2.1.   Summary

4.2.7    Hydrokinetic, Tidal, and Wave Energy

4.2.8    Fuel Cells

4.2.9    Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)

4.2.10  Hydropower

4.2.11  Smart Metering

4.3   Current RE Projects on DOD Facilities and Installations

4.4   Enhanced Use Lease (EUL)

4.5   Power Purchase Agreements/Federal Acquisition Regulation

4.6   Net-Zero Plus Facilities

4.6.1.1     Case Study: Ft. Bliss, Texas – Net-Zero Plus

4.6.1.2     Net-Zero Goals

4.6.1.3     Net-Zero Applications to Tactical Operations

4.7   Energy Conservation

4.7.1    DOD and DOE Federal Energy Management Program Interaction

4.7.2    Defense Energy Conservation Investment Program

4.7.3    Energy Savings Performance Contracts

4.7.4    Utility Savings Contracts

4.7.5    Energy Conservation for Tactical Operations

4.7.6    Total DOD Energy Conservation Market

5. Forward Operating Bases and Temporary Facilities

5.1   Background

5.2   Mobile Power Generation

5.2.1    Project Manager Mobile Electric Power (PM-MEP)

5.2.2    Relative Fuel Consumption in Peacetime versus Wartime Scenarios

5.2.2.1     Mobile Power Market Size

5.2.2.2     Value Proposition

5.2.2.3     Key Industry Players

5.2.3    Current Opportunities for Acquisitions through the PM-MEP

5.2.4    Efficient Use of JP-8

5.2.5    Experimental Forward Operating Base Initiative (ExFOB)

5.2.5.1     Current Priority ExFOB Technologies

5.2.6     Mobile Flexible Solar Power

5.2.7     Current DARPA Flexible Solar Projects

5.3   Hybrid Intelligent Power (HI-Power)

5.3.1    Leading Industry Players

5.4   GREENS Project

5.5   MicroGREEN Mobile Power Initiative

5.6   Microgrid Applications for Tactical Operations

5.6.1    Leading Industry Players

6.    Transportation and Mobility

6.1   Background

6.1.1    Total Fuel by Type

6.1.2    DOD Fuel and Energy Consumption by Application: Peacetime versus Contingency Operations

6.2   Fully Burdened Cost of Fuel (FBCF)

6.3   Current U.S. Government Biofuels Initiatives with Impact on DOD

6.3.1    Defense Energy Support Center (DESC)

6.3.1.1       DESC Support of Alternative Fuels

6.3.2    DARPA-Sponsored Research on Biofuels for the Military

6.3.2.1     The DARPA Phase O BioFuels Program

6.3.2.2     DARPA Phase I and II Biofuels Program (BioFuels: Alternative Feedstocks Program)

6.4   Aircraft

6.4.1    Synthetic Fuel (Synfuels)

6.4.1.1     Select Synfuels Industry Leaders

6.4.1.2      Alternative Use of JP-8

6.5   Land Vehicles

6.5.1    Tactical Vehicles, Trucks, and Tanks

6.5.2    Joint Light Tactical Vehicles (JLTV)

6.5.3     Non-Tactical Vehicles

6.6   Marine Vessels

6.6.1    Fuel Cells for Naval Vessels

6.6.2    Fuel Cells for Underwater Vessels and Vehicles

6.6.3    Microbial Fuel Cells

6.6.4    Stationary Fuel Cells for Naval Bases

6.7   Leading Industry Players: Biofuels from Algae Efforts in the Private Sector with DOD Implications

6.7.1    BP/Martek Biosciences

6.7.2    General Atomics

6.7.3    Chevron Technology Ventures /Solazyme

6.7.4    Honeywell UOP

6.7.5    Algae Systems/NASA

6.7.6    LS9, Inc.

6.7.7    Algenol Biofuels/Valero

6.7.8    Synthetic Genomics Inc./Exxon Mobile

6.7.9    Sapphire Energy

6.7.10  Science Applications International

6.7.11  A2BE Carbon Capture

6.8   Other Industry Players with Potential Impact on DOD Fuel Markets

6.8.1    Solix

6.8.2    PetroAlgae

6.8.3    Aurora Algae (Aurora Biofuels)

6.8.4    LiveFuels

6.8.5    Heliae Development

6.8.6    Kai BioEnergy

6.8.7    LakeMaster

6.8.8    Dynamic Fuels

6.8.9    Rentech

6.8.10  Sustainable Oils

6.8.11  ClearFuels Technology

6.8.12  HR BioPetroleum

6.8.13  AltAir Fuels

6.8.14   EADS

6.8.15   Bye Energy

6.9   Summary

7.     Soldier Power

7.1   Background

7.2   Fuel Cells for Portable Power Applications

7.2.1     Basic Fuel Cell Technologies and Current Military Applications

7.2.1.1     Army Fuel Cell Program

7.2.1.2     Navy Fuel Cell Program

7.2.2    Portable Applications: Military Fuel Cell Technology for DOD Warfighters (Selected Markets)

7.2.3    Unattended Ground Sensors – Sub-50W

7.2.3.1     Addressable Market

7.2.3.2     Projected Power Requirements

7.2.3.3     Cost

7.2.3.4     Key Market Players

7.2.3.5     Summary

7.2.3.6     Market Size

7.2.3.7     Projected Power Requirements

7.2.3.8     Cost

7.2.3.9     Value Proposition

7.2.4    Mobile Power – Sub-250W

7.2.4.1     Market Size

7.2.4.2     Projected Power Requirements

7.2.4.3     Cost

7.2.4.4     Value Proposition

7.2.5    Fully Burdened Costs of Soldier Power

7.2.6    Mobile Radio Market – Tactical Satellite Radio

7.2.6.1     Market Size

7.2.6.2     Projected Power Requirements

7.2.6.3     Cost

7.2.6.4     Value Proposition

7.2.7     Auxiliary Power Units (APUs) – Sub-2 kW

7.2.7.1     Market Size

7.2.7.2     Projected Power Requirements

7.2.7.3     Cost

7.2.7.4     Value Proposition

7.3   Planned DOD Upcoming Business Opportunities Related to Soldier Power

8.     Markets and Initiatives by Major Military Branches

8.1   RE Focus by Military Branch

8.2   Army

8.2.1    Directives

8.2.2    Current Renewable Programs

8.2.3    U.S. Army Renewable Energy Targets

8.3   Air Force

8.3.1    Directives

8.3.2    Current Renewable Programs

8.3.3    Air Force RE Targets

8.4   Navy/Marines

8.4.1    Directives

8.4.2    Current Renewable Programs

8.4.3    Navy/Marine Renewable Energy Targets

8.4.4    Case Study: Office of Naval Research Energy Challenge Program

9.     Key Industry Players

9.1   Select Major Defense Contractors

9.1.1    Lockheed Martin Corp.

9.1.1.1    Solar Energy

9.1.1.2    Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)

9.1.1.3    Wave Energy

9.1.1.4    Synthetic Fuels

9.1.1.5    Smart Grid

9.1.2    Boeing Co.

9.1.2.1     Biofuels

9.1.2.2     Solar Cell Technology

9.1.3    Northrop Grumman Corp.

9.1.3.1     Hybrid-Electric Propulsion

9.1.4    Science Applications International Corp.

9.1.4.1     Algae to Biofuels, Alternative Fuels

9.1.4.2     Solar Technologies

9.1.4.3     Marine Energy and Wind Technologies

9.1.5    General Dynamics Corp.

9.1.5.1     Fuel Cell Technology

9.1.5.2     Hybrid-Electric Technology

9.1.6    Raytheon Co.

9.1.6.1     Carbon Recycling Technology – Closed Bed Photo Bioreactors

9.1.6.2     Carbon Sequestration

9.1.6.3     Cyber Security and Software Modeling

9.1.7    Booz Allen Hamilton

9.1.7.1     Alternative Energy and Energy Efficiency Solutions

9.1.7.2     Renewable Energy Projects on DOD Property

9.1.8    L-3 Communications

9.1.8.1     Hybrid Fuel Cell Systems

9.1.9    KBR Inc.

9.1.9.1     Biomass/Biofuels/Waste to Energy

9.1.10  ITT Corp.

9.1.10.1   Geothermal Energy Products

9.1.11  Hewlett-Packard Company

9.1.11.1   Lightweight Flexible Solar Technologies

9.1.12  General Electric

9.1.12.1   Microgrid Technology Development

9.1.12.2   Solar

9.1.12.3   Wind

9.1.13  Harris Corporation

9.1.14  BAE Systems, Inc.

9.1.14.1   Marine Energy Conversion

9.1.14.2   Hybrid-Electric and Fuel Cell Propulsion Systems

9.2   Other Select Military/Defense Contractors with a Strong Focus on Renewable Energy

9.2.1    General Atomics

9.2.1.1     Renewable Energy Power Conversion

9.2.1.2     Space Power Conversion

9.2.1.3     Biofuels from Algae

9.2.2    Honeywell International

9.2.3    Oshkosh Defense

9.2.3.1     ProPulse Hybrid-Electric Drive

9.2.3.2     Renewable Energy Mission Module (REMM)

9.2.4    Protonex Technology Corporation

9.2.5    Rolls-Royce plc

9.2.5.1     Fuel Cells

9.2.5.2     Power Management and Distribution Systems (Microgrids)

9.2.5.3     Hybrid-Electric Propulsion Systems

9.2.6    SkyBuilt Power

9.2.7    Natural Power Concepts (NPC)

9.2.8    Energy Conversion Devices – ECD Ovonics

9.2.9    DuPont/SFC Energy AG

9.2.10  Bechtel Corporation

9.2.11  Clark Energy Group

9.2.12  ACCIONA Solar Power, Inc.

9.2.13  SRA International

10.   Market Forecasts

10.1    Total World Renewable Energy Market Forecast

10.2    Total Global Oil Production Forecast

10.3    National Security Directives

10.4    Purchase, Production, and Procurement of Renewable Energy Sourced Alternative Fuels and Electricity for Facilities and Infrastructure:   2010-2030

10.5    Reduction in Energy Consumption

10.6    Electricity Production and Procurement of Electricity for Facilities and Infrastructure by Market Sector

10.7    Facilities and Installations Market by Application

10.8    Metering of DOD Buildings and Facilities

10.9    Forward Bases and Temporary Facilities

10.10  Soldier Power Fuel Cell Technologies

10.11   Alternative Fuels

10.11.1        U.S. Biofuels Production from Algae Feedstocks

10.12   World Market Forecasts Excluding the United States

10.12.1  European Union

10.12.2  China

10.12.3  Global Military Spending Outside the United States, the EU, and China

11.     Company Directory

12.     Acronym and Abbreviation List

13.     Table of Contents

14.     Table of Charts and Figures

15.     Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

• Total DOD Renewable Energy Spending: 2005-2030
• Renewable Fuel Standard Mandate, United States: 2009-2022
• Snapshot of Cost per Gallon Algae versus Transportation Fuels
• Total DOD Direct Annual Market for All Renewable Energy Purchases, Production, and Procurement for Mobility and Facilities: 2005-2030
• Total DOD Direct Annual Market for All RE Purchases, Production, and Procurement for Mobility and Facilities: 2005-2030
• Total DOD Annual Market Electricity Production and Procurement for Renewable Energy for Facilities and Installations by Market Sector: 2010-2030
• Total DOD Direct Annual Expenditures by Market Application – Facilities and Installations: 2010-2030
• Total DOD Direct Annual Expenditures by Market Application, Emphasizing Metering of Facilities and Installations: 2005-1012
• Total DOD Market for Annual Direct Costs and Acquisition of RE Devices for Mobile Power for FOBs and Temporary Facilities: 2010-2030
• Total DOD Direct Expenditures for Fuel Cells for Soldier Power-Related Technologies: 2010-2030
• Price Parity Experience Curve for Algae-Based Biofuels, United States: 2009-2020
• Algae Biofuels Production, North America: 2010-2020
• Total Direct Annual Expenditures for Combined 27 Member States of the EU
• Countries for Total Energy and RE in Military and Defense Applications: 2010-2030
• Total Direct Annual Expenditures for Renewable Energy in Military and Defense Applications, China: 2010-2030
• Total Direct Annual Expenditures Outside the U.S., EU, and China for RE in Military and Defense Applications: 2010-2030
• The 14 MW Solar Array at Nellis Air Force Base
• The First U.S. Navy “Green Ship” – The USS Makin Island
• The U.S. Air Force and U.S. Navy Complete Biofuel-Powered Test Flights: 2010
• U.S. Federal Spending and Proportional DOD Expenditures
• Upper Estimates for Combined Spending for All “Defense-Related” Activities
• Comparison of U.S. Energy Consumption to DOD Energy Consumption by Type
• Office of the Secretary of Defense Energy Policy
• Summary Graphic of U.S. Energy Security Risk
• U.S. Renewable Portfolio Standards by State
• Projected Impacts of U.S. Climate Change Legislation on GDP to FY 2030
• Upper Estimates for Combined Spending for All “Defense-Related” Activities
• U.S. Military Energy Consumption by Type: 2009
• Comparison of U.S. Energy Consumption to DOD Energy Consumption by Type
• U.S. Military Energy Consumption, Costs, and CO2 Emissions: 2009
• DOD Proportion of Total U.S. Government Fuel Consumption
• Comparison of Commercial RE Market Trends to Current DOD RE Initiatives
• Optimum U.S. Solar Energy Development Potential in Relation to DOD Facilities and Properties
• Optimum U.S. Wind Energy Development Potential in Relation to DOD Facilities and Properties
• Optimum U.S. Biomass Energy Development Potential in Relation to DOD Facilities and Properties
• Distribution of Primary Military Geothermal Resources and Potential Geothermal Projects
• Optimum U.S. Geothermal Energy Development Potential in Relation to DOD Facilities and Properties
• Current and Proposed DOD Microgrid Projects
• Current Level and Proportional Army Investment in Research of Essential Microgrid Components
• Current Smart Metering Initiatives of DOD Facilities and Buildings
• Major Alternative and Renewable Energy Initiatives in DOD Mobile Power
• Key Areas of Interest and Major Initiatives for the Power Technology and Alternative Energy Branch of the Army, Under RDECOM and CERDEC DOD Fuel Consumption by Type (0% indicates less than 1%)
• DOD Energy Consumption by Application, Peacetime versus Contingency Operations
• Battery-Powered Soldier Equipment; Lockheed Martin’s HULC Exoskeleton
• General Categories of Soldier Power Energy Requirements and Examples of Current Renewable Energy Programs and Initiatives
• U.S. Air Force, Navy, and Army Fuel and Energy Utilization
• Power Generation Forecasts by Policy Scenario, World Markets: 2005-2030
• Costs of Energy in Cents per kWh, System Price Range and Market Penetration: 1990-2020
• Forecast of Global Oil Production to 2030; OPEC to Non-OPEC Production Ratios
• Projected Defense Spending for the People’s Republic of China: 2003-2025
• Global Distribution of Military Expenditures: 2009

List of Tables

• Targets for Conversion of Energy Consumption to Renewable Energy Sources
• Total ARRA Near- and Long-Term DOD Agency-Wide and Program-Specific Programs
• U.S. Biofuels Targets for 2022
• State-Level Renewable Energy Goals and Mandates by Target Year
• International Renewable Energy Targets
• Office of the Secretary of Defense Structure, Organization, and Departments
• Installed Costs per kW for Solar PV, U.S. Domestic Market: 2008-2012
• Number of DOD Renewable Energy Initiatives by Type: 2010
• Key Industry Investments in Algae Biofuels, World Markets with DOD implications
• Military – Fuel Cell Technology for DOD Warfighters (Selected Markets)
• AESIS Summary of Energy Security Goals & Objectives
• Total DOD Direct Annual Market in for All Renewable Energy Purchases, Production, and Procurement for Mobility and Facilities: 2010-2030 with Constant 2010 Rates of Energy Consumption
• Total DOD Direct Annual Market for All Renewable Energy Purchases, Production, and Procurement for Mobility and Facilities: 2010-2030 (with 15% reduction in energy consumption)
• Total DOD Direct Annual Market for All Renewable Energy Purchases, Production, and Procurement for Mobility and Facilities: 2010-2030 (with 30% reduction in energy consumption)
• Total DOD Annual Market Electricity Production and Procurement for Renewable Energy for Facilities and Installations by Market Sector: 2010-2030
• Total DOD Direct Annual Expenditures by Market Application, Facilities and Installations: 2010-2030
• Total DOD Market for Annual Direct Costs and Acquisition of Renewable Energy Devices for Mobile Power for Forward Bases and Temporary Facilities: 2010-2030
• Total DOD Direct Expenditures for Fuel Cells for Soldier Power-Related Technologies: 2010-2030
• Total Direct Annual Expenditures for Combined 27 Member States of the European Union Countries for Total Energy and Renewable Energy in Military and Defense Applications: 2010-2030
• Total Direct Annual Expenditures for Renewable Energy in Military and Defense Applications, China: 2010-2030
• Total Direct Annual Expenditures Outside the U.S., EU, and China for Renewable Energy in Military and Defense Applications: 2010-2030
• Annual Budgeted Expenditures for U.S. Wars in Iraq and Afghanistan: 2001-2010
• Installed Costs per kW for Residential- and Commercial-Scale Solar PV, U.S. Domestic Market: 2008-2012
• Number of DOD Renewable Energy Initiatives by Type: 2010
• Top 20 U.S. Defense Contractors, Total DOD Contracts for 2009 and 2009 Rank
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