Pike Research » Renewable Energy

Renewable Energy in the Mining Industry

Alexandria Davis — Wed, 16 May 2012 03:46:36 +0000

The international mining industry is a complex mix of diverse companies using several basic approaches of extracting and processing natural resources to supply both the energy and raw material needs of the modern world. These are critical times for the mining industry, with ever-increasing pressure from governments, customers, and other stakeholders to operate in a sustainable manner. The rising demand for mineral resources, driven by emerging markets, highlights the fact that maintaining the levels of needed supply will be a significant challenge in the future and energy will become increasingly more important for the bottom line, shareholder value, and license to operate.

Many of the key industry players in the mining arena have developed energy saving strategies and are investing directly into renewable energy infrastructure. For the most part, this is an outgrowth of the industry-wide realization that emerging technologies and strategies exist to better manage energy consumption, costs, supply, and risks from international and national regulations. In addition, several companies have already included revenue streams from carbon credits and carbon trading as a vehicle to augment revenue streams, while, at the same time, addressing climate change regulations and/or taxes.

This Pike Research report provides a detailed examination of energy consumption dynamics in the global mining industry, along with an analysis of the market opportunity for greater utilization of renewable energy. The study assesses the market drivers and policy issues that are influencing mining companies’ increasing interest in renewable energy, along with a review of the technology issues associated with each option. The strategies of key industry players are profiled in depth and market forecasts through 2020 are provided for renewable energy investment in the sector.

Key Questions Addressed:

What is driving the adoption of renewable energy in the mining industry?
What are the strengths and weaknesses of solar, wind, hydro, and fuel cells as energy sources for mining operations?
What are the strategies of the top mining companies with regard to renewable energy?
What is the role of energy storage in the adoption of renewable energy in the mining industry?
How much is the mining industry likely to invest in renewable energy in the coming years, and how will this vary by world region?

Who needs this report?

Mining companies
Renewable energy technology companies
Project developers and integrators
Non-profit organizations
Government agencies
Investor community

1. Executive Summary

1.1 Overview of the Mining Industry

1.2 Energy Costs and Reliability of Renewable Energy Technologies

1.3 Mining Industry Acceptance of Renewable Energy

1.4 Total Combined Renewable Energy World Markets for the Mining Industry

2. Market Issues

2.1 Background

2.2 Overview of Energy Consumption in the Mining Industry

2.2.1 Mining Methodology: Surface and Underground Mining

2.2.2 Materials Mined and General Recovery Ratios

2.2.3 Economic Vitality of the International Mining Industry and Future Investments

2.2.4 Mining Revenues and Production Levels

2.2.5 Consistent Strength of Traditional Mining Commodities and Major Companies

2.3 Energy Consumption Constraints

2.3.1 Fossil Fuel Limitations: Energy Reliability and Cost Implications

2.3.2 Energy Security and Reliability

2.4 Market Drivers

2.4.1 Cost of Fuel and Policy Action

2.4.2 Variability in Cost of Electricity throughout the World

2.4.3 Costs for Renewable Energy Sources and Share of the World’s Primary Energy Supply

2.4.4 Mining Company Returns

2.4.5 International Greenhouse Gas Requirements and Mandates

2.4.6 Corporate Responsibility in the Mining Industry

3. Technology Issues

3.1 Costs and Reliability of Renewable Energy Technologies

3.2 Renewable Energy and Energy Storage Options Available for Mining Operations

3.3 Photovoltaic Systems

3.3.1 Basic Principles and PV Cell Types

3.3.1.1 Crystalline

3.3.1.2 Thin-Film

3.3.2 Strengths and Weaknesses

3.3.3 Costs

3.3.3.1 Module Costs

3.3.3.2 Economies of Scale

3.3.3.3 Installed Costs

3.3.3.4 Low-Cost Polysilicon

3.3.4 Efficiency

3.3.5 Reliability

3.3.6 Scalability

3.3.7 Availability

3.4 Grid-Tied versus Off-Grid Installations

3.5 Energy Storage – Batteries

3.6 Sodium Sulfur Batteries

3.7 Flow Batteries

3.7.1 Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries

3.7.2 Zinc Bromine Flow Batteries

3.8 Lithium Ion Batteries

3.8.1 Overview

3.8.2 Leading Chemistries

3.8.3 Summary of Developments

3.8.4 Efficiency and Capacity

3.9 Remote Microgrid Sector Technologies Overview

3.10 Wind and Solar Resources

3.11 Microgrid Component Cost Breakdown

3.12 Remote Microgrid Subsegments

3.12.1 Remote Mining Operations

3.12.1.1 Pros

3.12.1.2 Cons

3.13 Wind Technologies

3.13.1 Solar Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal

3.13.2 Biomass

3.13.3 Geothermal

3.13.4 Hydrokinetic, Tidal, and Wave Energy

3.14 Mining Properties as Appropriate Sites for Renewable Energy Technologies

3.15 Technologies for Energy Savings through Conservation and Best Practices

3.16 Fuel Cell Technologies with Mining Applications

3.16.1 Stationary Fuel Cells

3.16.2 Fuel Cells for Mobile Applications

4. Key Industry Players

4.1 Overview

4.2 African Rainbow Metals

4.3 AngloAmerican

4.4 AngloGold Ashanti

4.5 Areva

4.6 Barrick Gold Corporation

4.7 BHP Billiton

4.8 Codelco

4.9 Freeport McMoran

4.10 Galaxy Resources

4.11 Goldcorp

4.12 Gold Fields

4.13 Lihir Gold Limited/ Newcrest Mining

4.14 JX Nippon Mining and Metals

4.15 Kinross Gold Corporation

4.16 Lonmin

4.17 Minerals and Metals Group

4.18 Mitsubishi Materials Group

4.19 Newmont Mining Corporation

4.20 Rio Tinto

4.21 Teck Resources Limited

4.22 Vale S.A.

4.23 Xstrata

5. Market Forecasts

5.1 Key Assumptions and Market Drivers

5.2 Total World Renewable Energy Market Forecast

5.3 Total Global Oil Production Forecast

5.4 Renewable Energy Market Forecasts for the Mining Industry

5.5 Total Combined Renewable Energy Markets for the Mining Industry in North America

5.6 Total Combined Renewable Energy Markets for the Mining Industry in Europe

5.7 Total Combined Renewable Energy Markets for the Mining Industry in Asia Pacific

5.8 Total Combined Renewable Energy Markets for the Mining Industry in Latin America

5.9 Total Combined Renewable Energy Markets for the Mining Industry in Africa

5.10 Total Combined Renewable Energy Markets for the Mining Industry in the Rest of World

5.11 Total Combined Renewable Energy World Markets for the Mining Industry

5.12 Industrial Remote Mine Systems

5.12.1 North America

5.12.2 Europe

5.12.3 Asia Pacific

5.12.4 Latin America

5.12.5 Rest of the World

6. Company Directory
7. Acronym and Abbreviation List
8. Table of Contents
9. Table of Charts and Figures
10. Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

Total Combined Renewable Energy Investment for the Mining Industry by Scenario, World Markets: 2012-2020
Total Combined Renewable Energy Markets for the Mining Industry by Investment Scenario, North America: 2010-2020
Total Combined Renewable Energy Markets for the Mining Industry by Investment Scenario, Europe: 2010-2020
Total Combined Renewable Energy Markets for the Mining Industry by Investment Scenario, Asia Pacific: 2012-2020
Total Combined Renewable Energy Markets for the Mining Industry by Investment Scenario, Latin America: 2010-2020
Total Combined Renewable Energy Markets for the Mining Industry by Investment Scenario, Africa: 2010-2020
Total Combined Renewable Energy Markets for the Mining Industry by Investment Scenario, Rest of World: 2010-2020
Major Energy Requirements and Sources in a Typical Mining Operation from Exploration to Finished Product, Closure, and Reclamation
Relative Proportions of Energy Consumption for Various Segments of the Mining Industry, Data from the United States
Average Distribution of Energy Sources in the U.S. Mining Industry
General Recovery Ratios for Coal, Metals, and Industrial Minerals
Mining Industry Commodity Price Trends: 2003-2010
Forecasts of Global Oil Production: 1990-2030
Effects of Stronger Policy Action on Climate Change Initiatives and Fuel Switching
Average Cost of Electricity per kWh in Select Mining Countries
Solar PV & Diesel Generation Cost Crossover Point and Shares of the World Primary Energy
Trend for Average Returns for Top Ten Mining Companies, Employees, and Governments
Renewable Energy Cost Trends in Levelized Cents/kWh: 1980-2020
Photovoltaic Cells
Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Cycle Life Comparison to Other Advanced Batteries
Schematic of Sodium Sulfur Battery Technology
Schematic of Vanadium Redox Battery Technology
Schematic of Zinc Bromine Flow Battery Technology
Low, Medium, and High Wind Penetration Microgrid Cost Factors in Alaska
Daily Solar Radiation and Clearness Levels for Tropical Remote Microgrid Sites
Monthly Wind Speed Estimates for Tropical Remote Microgrid Sites
Cost Breakdown for Alaska Wind-Diesel Remote Microgrids
Relative Energy Intensity of the Mining Industry Compared to other Major Industries
Energy Consumption by Different Major Processes and Energy Saving Opportunities in the U.S. Mining Industry
Best Practice Energy Savings and Potential Savings from Continued Research and Development as Compared to Current Energy Consumption in the U.S. Mining Industry
The First Pilot Hydrogen Fuel Cell Mining Locomotive
Power Generation Forecasts by Policy Scenario, World Markets: 2005-2030
Costs of Energy in Cents per kWh, System Price Range and Market Penetration: 1990-2020
Forecast of Global Oil Production to 2030; OPEC to Non-OPEC Production Ratios

List of Tables

Total Combined Renewable Energy for the Mining Industry by Scenario, World Markets: 2012-2020
Materials Produced in Surface and Underground Mines in the United States for Coal, Metal, and Mineral Mining Operations
Top 40 International Mining Companies: 2010
PV Strengths and Weaknesses
Characteristics of Li-ion Battery Chemestries
Total Investment in Renewable Energy in the Mining Industry by Investment Scenario, World Markets: 2010-2020
Total Combined Renewable Energy Markets for the Mining Industry by Investment Scenario, North America: 2010-2020
Total Combined Renewable Energy Markets for the Mining Industry by Investment Scenario, Europe: 2010-2020
Total Combined Renewable Energy Markets for the Mining Industry by Investment Scenario, Asia Pacific: 2010-2020
Total Combined Renewable Energy Markets for the Mining Industry by Investment Scenario, Latin America: 2010-2020
Total Combined Renewable Energy Markets for the Mining Industry by Investment Scenario, Africa: 2010-2020
Total Combined Renewable Energy Markets for the Mining Industry by Investment Scenario, Rest of World: 2010-2020

Energy & Environment Consumer Survey

Kristi Anderson — Wed, 22 Feb 2012 19:32:21 +0000

The clean energy industry continues to be dynamic and evolving. Issues related to the environment and energy elicit strong emotions, and public sentiment varies greatly based on the topic and concept being discussed. In addition to impacting policy, consumer opinion remains a component of the broader debate about the pros and cons of various paths toward a clean energy future, and will be key to the proliferation of these technologies into the mass market.

To gain a better understanding of consumer awareness and attitudes about a variety of key issues, Pike Research conducted a survey of more than 1,000 U.S. adults, asking respondents to provide their level of awareness for key concepts as well as rating their level of support for each. The survey asked consumers to respond with their impressions of the following energy and environmental concepts:

Solar energy

Wind energy

Clean coal

Nuclear power

Hybrid vehicles

Natural gas cars

Biofuels

Electric cars

Smart grid

Smart meters

Carbon offsets/credits

Cap and trade

LEED certification

This Pike Research white paper presents all of the survey responses as a basis for comparing consumer views of 13 energy and environmental topics to one another. In addition to favorable and unfavorable opinions, the number of respondents unfamiliar with a concept is also considered to compare the level of consumer awareness within each topic. The study includes charts summarizing the survey results, along with commentary on notable trends and patterns for each area.

Key Questions Addressed

How do consumer impressions vary among various clean energy, clean transportation, smart grid, carbon management and building efficiency concepts?
Are consumers more in favor of hybrid, electric, or natural gas vehicles?
How do consumers perceive carbon management concepts?
How familiar are consumers with LEED certification?
Which energy & environmental concepts are favored most by consumers?
Which energy & environmental concepts received the most unfavorable responses?
Which energy & environmental concepts are the most unfamiliar to consumers?
How do consumer attitudes toward each of the energy and environmental topics vary by demographic and behavioral traits?

Who needs this report?

Utilities
Solar power industry
Wind power industry
Coal power industry
Nuclear power providers
Vehicle manufacturers
Smart grid and smart meter companies
Systems integrators
Carbon management companies
Green building certification providers
Consumer advocacy groups
Industry associations
Government agencies
Investor community

1. Executive Summary

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Key Findings

1.3 Comparison to 2009 and 2010 Surveys

1.3.1 Favorable Rating Comparisons

1.3.2 Unfavorable Rating Comparisons

2. Clean Energy

2.1 Solar Energy

2.2 Wind Energy

2.3 Clean Coal

2.4 Nuclear Power

3. Clean Transportation

3.1 Hybrid Vehicles

3.2 Biofuels

3.3 Electric Cars

3.4 Natural Gas Cars

4. Smart Grid

4.1 Smart Grid

4.2 Smart Meters

5. Carbon Management

5.1 Carbon Offsets/Credits

5.2 Cap and Trade

6. Building Efficiency

6.1 LEED Certification

7. Summary and Conclusions

7.1 Clean Energy

7.2 Clean Transportation

7.3 Smart Grid

7.4 Carbon Management

7.5 Building Efficiency

8.      Table of Contents
9.      Table of Charts and Figures
10.      Scope of Study, Survey Methodology

List of Charts and Figures

Favorable Impressions of Energy and Environmental Concepts
Unfavorable Impressions of Energy and Environmental Concepts
Percentage of Respondents Unfamiliar with Energy and Environmental Concepts
Overall Impressions of Solar Energy
Favorable Impressions of Solar Energy by Demographic Segment
Favorable Impressions of Solar Energy by Behavioral Segment
Overall Impressions of Wind Energy
Favorable Impressions of Wind Energy by Demographic Segment
Favorable Impressions of Wind Energy by Behavioral Segment
Overall Impressions of Clean Coal
Favorable Impressions of Clean Coal by Demographic Segment
Favorable Impressions of Clean Coal by Behavioral Segment
Overall Impressions of Nuclear Power
Favorable Impressions of Nuclear Power by Demographic Segment
Favorable Impressions of Nuclear Power by Behavioral Segment
Overall Impressions of Hybrid Vehicles
Favorable Impressions of Hybrid Vehicles by Demographic Segment
Favorable Impressions of Hybrid Vehicles by Behavioral Segment
Overall Impressions of Biofuels
Favorable Impressions of Biofuels by Demographic Segment
Favorable Impressions of Biofuels by Behavioral Segment
Overall Impressions of Electric Cars
Favorable Impressions of Electric Cars by Demographic Segment
Favorable Impressions of Electric Cars by Behavioral Segment
Overall Impressions of Natural Gas Cars
Favorable Impressions of Natural Gas Cars by Demographic Segment
Favorable Impressions of Natural Gas Cars by Behavioral Segment
Overall Impressions of Smart Grid
Favorable Impressions of Smart Grid by Demographic Segment
Favorable Impressions of Smart Grid by Behavioral Segment
Overall Impressions of Smart Meters
Favorable Impressions of Smart Meters by Demographic Segment
Favorable Impressions of Smart Meters by Behavioral Segment
Overall Impressions of Carbon Offsets/Credits
Favorable Impressions of Carbon Offsets/Credits by Demographic Segment
Favorable Impressions of Carbon Offsets/Credits by Behavioral Segment
Overall Impressions of Cap and Trade
Favorable Impressions of Cap and Trade by Demographic Segment
Favorable Impressions of Cap and Trade by Behavioral Segment
Overall Impressions of LEED Certification
Favorable Impressions of LEED Certification by Demographic Segment
Favorable Impressions of LEED Certification by Behavioral Segment

List of Tables

Favorable Ratings: 2009, 2010, and 2011 Surveys
Unfavorable Ratings: 2009, 2010, and 2011 Surveys

Residential Combined Heat and Power

Kristi Anderson — Wed, 22 Feb 2012 01:02:46 +0000

Residential combined heat and power (resCHP) systems, which are small distributed energy generation systems that produce electricity while also capturing heat that would otherwise be treated as waste, are garnering increased interest from policy makers, utilities, and homeowners in a growing number of countries. Distributed generation installations have the advantages of going online more quickly than traditional large centralized power stations, reducing demand pressure on the electrical grid, and reducing inefficiencies that are common in centralized power generation, transmission, and distribution. Installations that use CHP technologies have the additional benefit of producing thermal energy that can be used as heat, converted to electricity, or converted to cooling when coupled with an adsorption chiller.

The technologies behind many resCHP products have been under development for more than a decade, however the market is now beginning to gain momentum and an increasing number of companies are introducing commercial products. Driven by concerns about grid reliability, meeting growing demand for electricity, increasing grid efficiency, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions, governments around the world are also focused on increasing subsidies and other incentives for the adoption of resCHP systems.

This Pike Research report analyzes the global market potential for resCHP systems for single-family and multi-family homes using technologies including internal combustion engines, fuel cells, Stirling engines, and Organic Rankine Cycle. The study includes in-depth assessments of leading countries for the manufacture and adoption of resCHP systems, the technologies utilized in such systems, and the key industry players engaged in this market. Regional market forecasts are provided through 2022 for system shipments, installed capacity, and revenue.

Key Questions Addressed:

What is the size of the market opportunity for resCHP in key countries around the world?
How will the mix of resCHP technologies change over the next several years?
Which countries are leading the world in subsidies and incentives for resCHP?
What is the addressable market, in terms of single-family and multi-unit dwelling housing stock, in key countries – and how will this grow?
Which companies have commercially available products now, and which are developing products for future introduction?
Which business models are being developed and utilized in different countries?
What are the key drivers for resCHP adoption at the homeowner, utility, and government levels?

Who needs this report?

Residential CHP technology vendors and integrators
Fuel cell companies
Natural gas companies
Utilities
Government agencies
Investor community

1. Executive Summary

1.1 Market Assessment

1.2 Market Forecast

2. Market Issues

2.1 Introduction to CHP

2.2 Introduction to the resCHP Market

2.3 Overview of resCHP Drivers

2.3.1 Spark Spread

2.3.2 Grid Instability

2.3.3 Emissions and Emissions Savings

2.4 resCHP Market Overview

2.4.1 resCHP Market to Date (2009-2011)

2.4.2 Market Share of Leading Companies

2.4.3 Business Models

2.4.4 System Options – Thermal vs. Electrical Output

2.4.5 Subsidies and Incentives

3. Country Profiles

3.1 Introduction

3.2 United Kingdom

3.2.1 Policy

3.2.1.1 Feed-in Tariff

3.2.1.2 The U.K. Microgeneration Strategy

3.2.2 Overview of Housing Stock

3.3 Denmark

3.3.1 Policy

3.3.2 Danish Fuel Cell Partnership

3.3.3 Overview of Housing Stock

3.4 Germany

3.4.1 Policy

3.4.2 resCHP Programs

3.4.2.1 The Original Mikro-KWK-Anlagen

3.4.2.2 Callux Program

3.4.3 Overview of Housing Stock

3.5 United States

3.5.1 California

3.5.2 Overview of Housing Stock

3.6 South Korea

3.6.1 Policy

3.6.2 Housing Stock

3.7 Japan

3.7.1 Policy

3.7.2 ENE-FARM Program

3.7.2.1 Program Overview

3.7.2.2 2011 Subsidiary Programs in Japan

3.7.3 Housing Stock

3.8 Australia

3.8.1 Policy

3.8.2 Smart Grid, Smart City Project

3.8.3 Housing Stock

3.9 New Zealand

3.9.1 Policy

3.9.2 Housing Stock

4. Assessment of Country Positioning

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Overview of Methodology

4.3 The Pike Pulse Country Ranking

4.4 Country Profiles

4.4.1 Leaders

4.4.2 Contenders

4.4.2.1 Germany

4.4.2.2 Japan

4.4.2.3 South Korea

4.4.2.4 Denmark

4.4.2.5 United Kingdom

4.4.2.6 Australia

4.4.3 Challengers

4.4.3.1 United States

4.4.3.2 Canada

4.4.3.3 New Zealand

5. Technology Issues

5.1 Technology Options

5.2 Mechanical Systems

5.3 Fuel Cells

5.3.1 How Fuel Cells Work

5.3.2 Differences between Fuel Cells

5.3.3 Cost of Fuel Cell Systems

5.3.4 Fuel Cells for Combined Heat and Power

5.3.4.1 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells

5.3.4.2 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

6. Key Industry Players

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Baxi Group

6.3 Baxi Innotech

6.4 Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd.

6.5 Ceres Power

6.6 ClearEdge Power

6.7 Dantherm Power

6.8 ENEOS CELLTECH

6.9 GS Caltex

6.10 Hexis

6.11 Honda

6.12 Intelligent Energy

6.13 LichtBlick

6.14 Marathon Engine Systems Inc

6.15 Panasonic

6.16 Topsoe Fuel Cell

6.17 Toshiba Fuel Cell Power Systems

6.18 Trenergi

6.19 Vaillant Group

6.20 Whisper Tech

7. Market Forecasts

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Adoption by Dwelling Type, Technology, and New Installed Capacity

7.3 Adoption and Revenue by Region

7.4 Comparison with CHP-11 Forecast

8.      Company Directory
9.      Acronym and Abbreviation List
10.    Table of Contents
11.     Table of Charts and Figures
12.     Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

Pike Pulse Country Grid: Assessment of Lead Countries for the Manufacture and Adoption of resCHP Systems: 2012
Individual Home and Multi-Family Home resCHP System Adoption, World Markets: 2010-2022
Residential Spark Spread for Selected Countries: 2002-2010
State-by-State Grid Outages, United States: 2010
Power Outages by Month and Frequency of Outage, United Kingdom: 2009
resCHP Systems Shipped, World Markets: 2009-2011
resCHP Units Shipped, by Technology, World Markets: 2009-2011
Market Share of Major resCHP Manufacturers: 2011
Companies with a Commercially Available resCHP Product, World Markets: 2011
Residential Building Stock, United Kingdom: 2010-2020
Residential Building Stock, Denmark: 2010-2020
Residential Building Stock, Germany: 2010-2020
Residential Building Stock, United States: 2010-2020
Residential Building Stock, South Korea: 2010-2020
resCHP Fuel Cell Systems Installed in Japan: 2002-2011
Residential Building Stock, Japan: 2010-2020
Housing Stock Growth by Territories, Australia: 2010-2020
Housing Broken Down by Housing Type, Australia: 2009
Annual New Homes by Territories, New Zealand: 2010-2020
Total Housing Stock Across Selected Countries: 2010-2020
Pike Pulse Country Grid: Assessment of Lead Countries for the Manufacture and Adoption of resCHP Systems: 2012
Manufacture & Adoption Scores, Germany: 2012
Manufacture and Adoption Scores, Japan: 2012
Manufacture and Adoption Scores, South Korea: 2012
Manufacture and Adoption Scores, Denmark: 2012
Manufacture and Adoption Scores, United Kingdom: 2012
Manufacture and Adoption Scores, Australia: 2012
Manufacture and Adoption Scores, United States: 2012
Manufacture and Adoption Scores, Canada: 2012
Manufacture and Adoption Scores, New Zealand: 2012
Individual Home and Multi-Family Home resCHP Adoption, World Markets: 2010-2022
resCHP Adoption by Technology Type, World Markets: 2010-2022
MWs Installed by Technology Type of resCHP, World Markets: 2010-2022
resCHP Revenue Generated by Region of Manufacture, World Markets: 2010-2022
resCHP Adoption by Region, World Markets: 2010-2022
resCHP Adoption by Key Countries: 2012-2022
resCHP 2012 & CHP 2011 Forecast Comparison, World Markets: 2011-2022
CO2 Emissions with Electricity and Heat Allocated to Consuming Sectors: 2008
Danish Micro CHP Demonstration Project
Residential CHP Development Map of the German National Development Plan
ENE-FARM Projected Cost-Down Curve

List of Tables

Residential CHP Systems, with Output, Where Available
Residential Spark Spread for Selected Countries: 2002-2010
Residential CHP Systems, with Output, Where Available
Renewable Energy Policies and Incentives, World Markets: 2011
Number of Power Outages per Month, United Kingdom: 2009
Number of resCHP Systems Shipped, World Markets: 2009-2011
Companies with a Commercially Available resCHP Product, World Markets: 2011
Subsidy Levels in the Original German Small CHP Impulse Program
Stationary Fuel Cell Monitoring Project (PEMFCs), South Korea
One Million Green Homes Project, South Korea
Residential Building Stock, United Kingdom: 2010-2020
Residential Building Stock, Denmark: 2010-2020
Residential Building Stock, Germany: 2010-2020
Residential Building Stock, United States: 2010-2020
Housing Statistics for the Four Most Populated States, United States: 2010
Residential Building Stock, Canada: 2010-2020
Residential Building Stock, South Korea: 2010-2020
Residential Building Stock, Japan: 2010-2020
Housing Stock Growth by Territories, Australia: 2010-2020
Growth in Housing Stock by Dwelling Type, Australia: 2009-2029
Housing by Housing Type, Australia: 2009
New Homes by Territories, New Zealand: 2010-2020
Single Family Housing Stock Totals by Selected Countries: 2010-2020
Multi-Unit Housing Stock Totals by Selected Countries: 2010-2020
Total Housing Stock by Selected Countries: 2010-2020
Pike Pulse Country Scores: 2012
Country Scores: 2012
Country Scores on Manufacture Criteria: 2012
Country Scores on Adoption Criteria: 2012
MWs Installed by Technology Type of resCHP, World Markets: 2010-2022
resCHP Adoption by Key Countries, World Markets: 2012-2022
resCHP Adoption by Technology Type, World Markets: 2010-2022
Individual Home and Multi-Family Home resCHP Adoption, World Markets: 2010-2022
resCHP 2012 and CHP 2011 Forecast Comparison, World Markets: 2011-2022
resCHP Revenue Generated by Region of Manufacture, World Markets: 2010-2022
resCHP Adoption by Region, World Markets: 2010-2022

Hydrokinetic and Ocean Energy

Kristi Anderson — Tue, 07 Feb 2012 00:05:12 +0000

The marine and hydrokinetic industry is slowly progressing as the technologies are improving, major energy companies and utilities are making investments, industry associations are gaining lobbying power, and governments complete or update their country-level deployment targets and roadmaps, enact competitive financial incentives, and (in many cases) garner public support. But now the industry stands at a critical point and must deliver on its promise or risk losing investor interest and political support.

There are more than 100 marine and hydrokinetic (MHK) technologies being researched by companies and various organizations, including some strong university-industry partnerships. Sophisticated and well-financed testing centers are accelerating R&D activities and, as the focus now moves to commercialization, are also studying the potential environmental and other impacts of deploying hundreds of devices and transmission lines in areas that are frequented by fishermen, transport vessels, and marine life. Countries that have strong marine resources, such as the United Kingdom, the United States, Australia, South Korea, and Portugal, have committed to supporting the industry in some capacity – with the United Kingdom being the clear leader.

This Pike Research report analyzes the global market opportunities to harness marine and hydrokinetic technologies for power generation. The study examines multiple MHK technologies including ocean wave, tidal stream, river hydrokinetic, ocean current, and ocean thermal technologies, assessing the relative advantages and disadvantages of the various options. Profiles and SWOT analysis are provided for key industry players and detailed market forecasts for installed capacity and revenue extend through 2017.

Key Questions Addressed:

Which countries will lead in marine and hydrokinetic energy development over the next 6 years – and why?
How did the global financial crisis and recession affect the marine and hydrokinetic market?
Which companies are leading the pack for developing and deploying wave, tidal, ocean current, river hydrokinetic, and ocean thermal technologies?
What countries have the best support for deployment of marine and hydrokinetic technologies?
What does it cost to deploy and operate marine and hydrokinetic technologies?
How do the various marine and hydrokinetic technologies compare against other renewable energy options?
How much revenue will be generated by grid-connected marine and hydrokinetic technologies by 2017?

Who needs this report?

Marine and hydrokinetic technology component manufacturers
Marine and hydrokinetic technology service providers
Economic development agencies
Industry associations
Government agencies
Utilities
Investor community

1. Executive Summary

1.1 Introduction

1.2 MHK Market Potential

1.3 MHK Landscape

1.4 MHK Market Forecast

2. Market Issues

2.1 Water Power: World’s Largest Renewable Electricity Source

2.1.1 Measuring Water Power

2.1.2 Opportunity for Water Power

2.1.3 Types of Water Power: Advantages and Disadvantages

2.1.4 Renewed U.S. Interest in MHK as a Scalable Source of Non-Polluting Electricity

2.2 Current Status of Marine and Hydrokinetic Energy and Key Trends

2.2.1 MHK Landscape

2.2.2 The Wide Application and Scale of MHK Technologies

2.2.3 Governments Will Dictate the Pace of MHK Deployment

2.2.4 Marine Testing Centers Growing in Number and Sophistication

2.2.5 Corporate and Utility Engagement

2.3 Current Market Opportunities and Challenges

2.3.1 Climate Change Regulations

2.3.2 The Green Economy and Manufacturing near End Use

2.3.3 The Variability of Existing Renewable Resources & the Predictability of Marine & Hydrokinetic Technologies

2.3.4 Superior Energy Content Profiles

2.4 Industry Growth Drivers

2.4.1 Global Renewable Energy Generation Trends

2.4.2 Legislative and Regulatory Activities, Incentives, and Subsidies

2.4.3 Improvements to Water Power Technologies& Parallels to Wind Energy Technology

2.4.4 Economics Overview

2.4.4.1 Cost of Conventional Energy Source Trends

2.4.4.2 Net Cost of Wave, Tidal, River Kinetic, Ocean Current, and Ocean Thermal Technologies

2.5 Implementation Issues

2.5.1 Lack of Commercial or Mature Product Offerings

2.5.2 The Long Road Transitioning from Demonstration Sites to Commercial Viability

2.5.3 Lack of Early-Stage Investor Interest Compared to Other Renewables

2.5.4 Unknown Environmental Permitting Issues

2.5.5 Transmission and Distribution Grid Interconnection Questions

2.5.5.1 Remote versus Load Center Plant Locations

2.5.5.2 Grid Interconnection Issues

2.5.5.2.1. Integration with Wholesale Grid Operators

2.5.5.2.2. Integration with Emerging Green Power Portfolios

2.5.6 Lack of Standards and Certifications

3. Technology Issues

3.1 Overview

3.2 Ocean Wave Energy Technologies

3.2.1 History

3.2.2 Basic Principles

3.2.3 Strengths and Weaknesses

3.2.4 Turbine Types

3.2.5 Commercial Time Horizon

3.2.5.1 Cost

3.2.5.2 Efficiency

3.2.5.3 Reliability

3.2.5.4 Scalability

3.2.5.5 Availability

3.3 Tidal Stream Turbines

3.3.1 Basic Principles

3.3.2 Strengths and Weaknesses

3.3.3 Turbine Types

3.3.4 Commercialization Time Horizon

3.3.4.1 Cost

3.3.4.2 Efficiency

3.3.4.3 Reliability

3.3.4.4 Scalability

3.3.4.5 Availability

3.4 River Hydrokinetic Technologies

3.4.1 History

3.4.2 Basic Principles

3.4.3 Strengths and Weaknesses

3.4.4 Turbine Types

3.4.5 Commercialization Time Horizon

3.4.5.1 Cost

3.4.5.2 Efficiency

3.4.5.3 Reliability

3.4.5.4 Scalability

3.4.5.5 Availability

3.5 Ocean Current Technologies

3.5.1 History

3.5.2 Basic Principles

3.5.3 Strengths and Weaknesses

3.5.4 Turbine Types

3.5.5 Commercial Time Horizon

3.5.5.1 Cost

3.5.5.2 Efficiency

3.5.5.3 Reliability

3.5.5.4 Scalability

3.5.5.5 Availability

3.6 Ocean Thermal Energy Technologies

3.6.1 History

3.6.2 Basic Principles

3.6.3 Strengths and Weaknesses

3.6.4 Turbine Types

3.6.5 Commercial Time Horizon

3.6.5.1 Cost

3.6.5.2 Efficiency

3.6.5.3 Reliability

3.6.5.4 Scalability

3.6.5.5 Availability

4. Key Industry Players

4.1 Wave Energy Technology Companies

4.1.1 Pelamis Wave Power

4.1.2 Ocean Power Technology

4.1.3 Wave Dragon

4.1.4 Wavegen

4.1.5 Oceanlinx

4.1.6 Carnegie Wave Energy

4.2 Tidal Stream Turbines

4.2.1 Marine Current Turbines

4.2.2 OpenHydro

4.2.3 Atlantis Resources Corporation

4.2.4 Hammerfest Strom

4.2.5 Lunar Energy

4.3 River Hydrokinetic Technologies

4.3.1 Verdant Power

4.3.2 Ocean Renewable Power Company

4.3.3 Hydrovolts

4.4 Ocean Current Technologies

4.4.1 Aquantis, LLC

4.5 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Technologies

4.5.1 Ocean Thermal Energy Corp.

4.5.2 Xenesys, Inc.

5. Market Forecasts

5.1 Overview

5.2 Wave Energy Capacity

5.2.1 North America

5.2.2 Europe

5.2.3 Asia Pacific

5.2.4 Other Regions

5.3 Tidal Stream Capacity

5.3.1 North America

5.3.2 Europe

5.3.3 Asia Pacific

5.3.4 Other Regions

5.4 River Hydrokinetic Capacity

5.4.1 North America

5.4.2 Other Regions

5.5 Ocean Current Capacity

5.5.1 North America

5.6 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Capacity

5.6.1 North America

5.6.2 Asia Pacific/Other Regions

6.      Company Directory
7.      Acronym and Abbreviation List
8.      Table of Contents
9.      Table of Charts and Figures
10.    Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

Cumulative MHK Installed Capacity Forecasts by Technology, World Markets: 2008-2017
Cumulative MHK Installed Capacity Forecasts by Technology, World Markets: 2008-2017
Hydrologic Cycle
Lunar and Solar Tides by Seasonal Cycle
Wave and Tidal Energy Potential, North America
Estimated Water Power Capacity Potential and Realized Gains: 2008-2025
Global Distribution of Ocean Power Technologies
Marine Power Projects Identified in South Korea
Renewable Energy Share of Global Electricity Production: 2010
Renewable Power Capacities*, Developing World, EU, and Top Five Countries: 2010
Forecasted Global Energy Use by Fuel Type through 2035
EIA Global Forecasts of Electricity Generation Fuels by 2035
Renewable Portfolio Standards, Goals, United States
Average Energy Cost per Kilowatt-Hour by World Region: 1999-2007
Marine Renewable Energy Costs and Capabilities by Technology
Marine Renewable Energy Technologies Cost Reduction Diagram
EPRI Alaska River Hydrokinetic Resource Evaluation Sites
Estimated Breakdown of Capital Costs for Wave Farm if Built Today
Estimated Breakdown of Capital Costs for Tidal Stream Farm if Built Today
Estimated Breakdown of Operations and Maintenance Costs for Wave Farm if Built Today
Estimated Cost of Energy at 10 MW, Wave and Tidal Stream Energy
Capital Costs of First Prototypes and First Production Models, Wave and Tidal Stream Energy
Timeline for an Average MHK Project in Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters
Global Wave Power Density Distribution
Types of Wave Energy Conversion (WEC) Devices
Distribution of Major Wave Technology Types
Prime Tidal Resource Regions Around the World
Basic Designs of Wind/Water Turbines
Major North American Rivers and Their Yearly Discharges in Cubic km/Year
Image of a Typical Hydrokinetic Turbine
World Ocean Current Resources
Horizontal Axis Ocean Current Turbine
Schematic of Ocean Thermal Energy System
Map of Ocean Temperature Differences Between Surface and Depth of 1,000 Meters
Image of Pelamis Wave Power Device
Image of Ocean Power Technology PowerBuoy
Image of Marine Current Turbines Tidal Stream Turbine
Image of OpenHydro Tidal Stream Turbine
Image of Verdant Power River Hydrokinetic Turbine
Schematic of Ocean Renewable Power Company Cross-Flow Turbine
Artist Depiction of Aquantis C-Plane Technology
Onshore OTE Corp. Plant Diagram

List of Tables

Marine & Hydrokinetic Technologies Cumulative Installed Capacity, World Markets: 2008-2017
Annual Growth of Hydrokinetic Technologies, World Markets: 2009-2017
Ocean Wave Energy Technologies Cumulative Installed Capacity, World Markets: 2008-2017
Annual Growth of Ocean Wave Power Capacity, World Markets: 2009-2017
Tidal Stream Turbine Cumulative Installed Capacity, World Markets: 2008-2017
Annual Growth of Tidal Power Capacity, World Markets: 2009-2017
Tidal Barrage Cumulative Installed Capacity, World Markets: 2008-2017
Annual Growth of Tidal Barrage Capacity, World Markets: 2009-2017
River Hydrokinetic Technologies Cumulative Installed Capacity, World Markets: 2008-2017
Annual Growth of River Hydrokinetic Capacity, World Markets: 2009-2017
Ocean Current Technologies Cumulative Installed Capacity, World Markets: 2008-2017
Annual Growth of Ocean Current Technologies Capacity, World Markets: 2009-2017
Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Technologies Cumulative Installed Capacity, World Markets: 2008-2017
Annual Growth of OTEC Capacity, World Markets: 2009-2017
Wave System Installed Price, United States: 2008-2017
Wave System Production Revenue, United States: 2008-2017
Tidal Installed Price, North America: 2008-2017
Tidal System Production Revenue, North America: 2008-2017
Hydrokinetic Technologies Production Revenue, North America: 2008-2017
Database of Hydrokinetic and Ocean Energy Projects, World Markets (including demonstration and pilot projects, planned and deployed)
Database of Government Incentives for Marine Renewables, World Markets
Summary, Levelized Real COE Chart for Marine Renewables
Marine Renewable Energy Government Subsidies, Key European Markets
Summary Levelized Real Cost of Energy Chart for Marine Renewables
Pelamis SWOT Analysis
Ocean Power Technology SWOT Analysis
Wave Dragon SWOT Analysis
Wavegen SWOT Analysis
Oceanlinx SWOT Analysis
Carnegie Wave Energy SWOT Analysis
Marine Current Turbines SWOT Analysis
OpenHydro SWOT Analysis
Hammerfest Strom Energy SWOT Analysis
Lunar Energy SWOT Analysis
Verdant Power SWOT Analysis
Ocean Renewable Power Company SWOT Analysis
Xenesys SWOT Analysis

Biopower Markets and Technologies

Matthew.McLean — Thu, 05 Jan 2012 23:39:36 +0000

Biopower, or the generation of electricity and heat from biomass resources, represents one of the only base load renewable applications with widespread availability of fuel resources. Theoretically inexhaustible and found in abundance around the world, biomass feedstocks currently supply an estimated 14% of global primary energy. As global energy demand escalates and efforts to curb greenhouse gas emissions intensify, an increasing number of countries are turning to biomass resources as fuel for commercial-scale electricity production.

Although feedstock aggregation challenges have frustrated more dynamic market growth to date, EU-27 leadership in biomass utilization has demonstrated that co-firing manageable quantities of biomass with coal can provide a low-cost strategy for reducing emissions. Increasing biomass supply chain development coupled with increasing international trade flows in densified biomass pellets are expected to support expanding biopower utilization worldwide over the next decade. Today, an estimated 58 GW of biopower installed capacity is deployed worldwide across dedicated, co-fired, and CHP facilities. Although combustion-based conversion technologies are the most widely deployed solutions worldwide, cost reductions and efficiency gains are beginning to point to increasing market share for gasification conversion technologies.

This Pike Research report analyzes the global market opportunity for electricity production from dedicated, co-fired, and CHP biopower sources. The study includes a comprehensive examination of market drivers, existing and emerging technologies, feedstock opportunities, the public policy and regulatory landscape, and key industry players. Market forecasts for installed power generation capacity, cumulative investments, and pellet production and consumption are segmented by geography and key countries through 2021.

Key Questions Addressed:

Which regions are poised for the greatest growth in biopower capacity worldwide?
What are the key market obstacles impacting growth in the global biopower industry?
What policy drivers are shaping biopower deployment in leading markets – EU-27, the United States, China, and Brazil?
What are the main biomass feedstocks used and how is this expected to change over the next decade?
How will biomass supply chain challenges and developments impact biopower deployment?
What are the comparative costs of combustion and gasification technologies?
Who are the leaders in biopower utilization and what are their strategies for accessing feedstocks?
How will the trade in densified biomass pellets develop over the next decade?
Which regions will attract the highest cumulative investment in biopower by 2021?
How will expanding biofuels production impact biopower development?

Who needs this report?

Bioenergy project developers
Biomass producers, suppliers, and aggregators
Biomass pellet producers
Utilities
Turbine and equipment manufacturers
Industry associations
Government agencies
Environmental organizations
Investor community

1. Executive Summary

1.1 Introduction

1.2 World Markets

1.3 Technology Trends

2. Market Issues

2.1 Overview of Biopower

2.1.1 What is Biomass?

2.1.1.1 Brief History of Biomass Utilization

2.1.1.2 Biomass Feedstocks

2.1.1.3 Bioenergy

2.1.1.4 Biomass End Uses

2.1.2 Why Biomass?

2.1.2.1 Biomass Advantages

2.1.2.2 Biomass Disadvantages

2.1.3 Biomass as a Renewable Resource

2.2 Role of Biopower in Global Energy Markets

2.2.1 Snapshot of Global Biopower Utilization

2.2.2 Snapshot of Global Biomass Utilization

2.2.3 Estimated Resource Potential

2.2.4 International Trade

2.3 Biomass Market Drivers

2.3.1 Rising Electricity Demand

2.3.1.1 Industrialization (Especially in Emerging Markets)

2.3.1.2 Increasing Wealth (Especially in China and India)

2.3.2 Climate Change

2.3.2.1 Quantifying the Impact of Biopower

2.3.2.2 Climate Change and Investment in Biopower

2.3.3 Economic Development

2.3.4 Policy and Regulatory Drivers

2.3.4.1 Renewable Energy Targets

2.3.4.2 Subsidies, Loans, and Grants

2.3.4.3 Climate Change Regulation

2.4 Biomass Growth Barriers

2.4.1 Feedstock Supply

2.4.1.1 Land Availability

2.4.1.2 Supply Chain Uncertainty

2.4.1.3 Biomass Carbon Accounting

2.4.2 Sustainability Criteria

2.4.3 Policy Uncertainty

2.4.3.1 Climate Change and GHG Regulation

2.4.3.2 Availability of Public Subsidies, Loans, and Grants

2.4.4 Competition with Fossil Fuels

2.4.5 Other Barriers

2.5 Economics of Biopower

2.5.1 Biomass Feedstock Costs

2.5.2 Power Production Costs

2.5.2.1 Combustion

2.5.2.2 BIGCC

2.5.2.3 Landfill Gas

2.5.2.4 CHP

3. Key Markets

3.1 United States

3.1.1 Incentives

3.1.2 State Renewable Portfolio Standards

3.1.3 Regulatory Outlook

3.2 EU-27

3.2.1 20-20-20

3.2.2 EU Member State Incentives

3.3 China

4. Technology Issues

4.1 Overview of Biopower Production

4.1.1 Technology Commercialization

4.1.2 Advances in Conversion Processes

4.2 Biomass Supply Chain

4.2.1 Sourcing Biomass

4.2.2 Material Preparation

4.2.2.1 Chipping

4.2.2.2 Pelleting and Briquetting

4.2.2.3 Pyrolysis

4.2.2.4 Torrefaction

4.3 Biomass Conversions Technologies

4.3.1 Biomass Combustion

4.3.1.1 Power Production via Combustion

4.3.1.1.1. Boiler Technologies

4.3.1.1.2. Co-firing

4.3.1.1.3. Repowering Conventional Plants

4.3.1.2 Combustion Advantages and Disadvantages

4.3.1.3 Optimizing Combustion

4.3.2 Biomass Gasification

4.3.2.1 Power Production via Gasification

4.3.2.1.1. Anaerobic Digestion

4.3.2.1.2. Conventional Gasification

4.3.2.1.3. IGCC/IGCT

4.3.2.2 Gasification Advantages and Disadvantages

4.4 Integrated Systems

4.4.1 CHP – Cogeneration

4.4.2 Integrated Biorefineries

5. Key Industry Players

5.1 Biomass Feedstock Suppliers and Processors

5.1.1 Abellon CleanEnergy

5.1.2 ArborGen

5.1.3 Biomass Secure Power

5.1.4 Enviva

5.1.5 Integro Earthfuels

5.2 Biomass Power Producers

5.2.1 American Renewables

5.2.2 Boralex, Inc.

5.2.3 Greenleaf Power

5.2.4 Covanta Energy

5.2.5 Dalkia

5.2.6 Decker Energy International

5.2.7 DONG Energy

5.2.8 Drax Power Limited

5.2.9 E.ON AG

5.2.10 Essent N.V.

5.2.11 Fibrowatt LLC

5.2.12 Helius Energy

5.2.13 Iberdrola Renewables

5.2.14 Nexterra Energy

5.2.15 NRG Energy, Inc.

5.2.16 Primenergy, LLC

5.2.17 Vattenfall

5.2.18 Wheelabrator Technologies Inc.

6. Market Forecasts

6.1 Methodology

6.1.1 Forecast Uncertainties

6.1.2 Key Assumptions

6.2 Global Biopower Projections

6.2.1 Forecasts

6.2.2 Baseline Forecast

6.2.3 Growth Forecast

6.3 Global Biomass Utilization Projections

6.4 Forecasts by Market

6.4.1 United States

6.4.2 Brazil

6.4.3 EU-27

6.4.4 China

6.     Company Directory
7.     Acronym and Abbreviation List
8.     Table of Contents
9.     Table of Charts and Figures
10.   Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

Installed Biopower Capacity from All Sources, World Markets: 2011-2021
Market Share of Cumulative Biopower Investment by Region, World Markets: 2021
Installed Generating Capacity by Source, World Markets: 2010
Installed Biopower Capacity Market Share by Region, World Markets: 2011
Share of Biopower Capacity in Generation Portfolios in Key Markets, World Markets: 2011
Share of Biopower Generation by Biomass Source, United States: 2008
Total Primary Energy Consumption by Region, World Markets: 2010-2035
Net Electricity Generation by Region, Non-OECD Markets: 1990-2035
Cost Comparison of Biomass Combustion and Gasification Technologies
CAGR Among Biopower Commercial-Scale Producers, United States: 2008-2010
Installed Biopower Capacity from All Sources, World Markets: 2011-2021
Installed Biopower Capacity by Region, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2021
Cumulative Biopower Investments by Region, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2021
Market Share Installed Biopower Capacity, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2021
Net Biopower Generation by Region, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2021
Market Share Installed Biopower Capacity, Growth Scenario, World Markets: 2021
Cumulative Biopower Investments by Region, Growth Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2021
Market Share Installed Biopower Capacity, Growth Scenario, World Markets: 2021
Net Biopower Generation by Region, Growth Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2021
Biomass Utilization for Power Generation, World Markets: 2011-2021
Biomass Pellet Production by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
Installed Biopower Capacity from All Sources, United States: 2011-2021
Biomass Pellet Production and Consumption, United States: 2011-2021
Installed Biopower Capacity from All Sources, Brazil: 2011-2021
Installed Biopower Capacity, EU-27: 2011-2021
Biomass Pellet Production and Consumption, EU-27: 2011-2021
Biomass Utilization for Biopower, China: 2011-2021
Map of Bioenergy Applications
International Biomass Trade Flows
Commercialization Status of Major Biomass Technologies
Biomass Collection, Storage, and Delivery Process Options
Integrated Biorefinery Conversion Pathways
Vattenfall Biomass Mix

List of Tables

Biomass Power and Thermal Targets, World Markets
Relative Costs of Fossil Fuel and Biomass Resources
Biomass Incentives Description and Scheduled Duration, United States: 2011
Summary of Renewable Portfolio Standards, United States
Moisture Content of Biomass Feedstocks
Typical Data and Figures for Power Generation from Biomass
Advantages and Disadvantages of Co-firing
Database of Facilities Utilizing Biomass Resources, World Markets
Installed Generating Capacity by Source, World Markets: 2010
Net Electricity Generation by Source, World Markets: 2010
Installed Biopower Capacity Market Share by Region, World Markets: 2011
Share of Biopower Capacity in Generation Portfolios in Key Markets, World Markets: 2011
Share of Biopower Generation by Biomass Source, United States: 2008
Total Primary Energy Consumption by Region, World Markets: 2010-2035 (Reference Case)
Net Electricity Generation by Region, Non-OECD Markets: 1990-2035
Biomass Power and Thermal Targets by Country, World Markets: 2011
Cost Comparison of Biomass Combustion and Gasification Technologies
Biopower Capacity by Producer, United States: 2008-2010
Biomass Incentives Description and Scheduled Duration, United States: 2011
Biopower Capacity from All Sources by Region and Country, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
Biopower Capacity Market Share from All Sources by Region and Country, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
Net Biopower Generation from All Sources by Region and Country, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
Biopower Cumulative Investment by Region, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
Biopower Capacity from All Sources by Region and Country, Growth Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
Biopower Capacity Market Share from All Sources by Region and Country, Growth Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
Net Biopower Generation from All Sources by Region and Country, Growth Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
Biopower Cumulative Investment by Region, Growth Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
Biopower Feedstock Demand by Region and Country, Baseline Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
Biopower Feedstock Demand by Region and Country, Growth Scenario, World Markets: 2008-2021
Biomass Utilization for Heat and Power, Asia Pacific: 2011-2021
Biomass Pellet Production by Region, World Markets: 2008-2021
Biomass Pellet Consumption by Region, World Markets: 2008-2021

Concentrated Solar Power

Kristi Anderson — Thu, 17 Nov 2011 00:00:11 +0000

Concentrated solar power (CSP) has been a “start-stop” industry since the 1500s, when Leonardo da Vinci conceived the use of a parabolic mirror concentrator to heat water for dyeing cloths. It is plausible that da Vinci failed to design a CSP system that was cost competitive with the primary fossil fuel of his time, chopped wood. More than 490 years after da Vinci’s death, nine CSP systems, SEGS I-IX from Luz Industries, came online during the late 1980s. Like da Vinci, Luz was unable to compete with a modern equivalent of chopped wood, natural gas.

A CSP revival was jump-started in 2004 as policy announcements at that time inspired investors and engineers to start developing again. The movement gained steam when PV prices peaked in 2008 resulting in a 300% gain in global CSP operational capacity from 2008-2011. CSP growth came to a rapid stop in 2011 when PV module price decreases, combined with the PV’s proven bankability, drove several of high profile U.S. projects to convert from CSP to PV.

This Pike Research report provides an in depth analysis of technology issues and policy trends driving concentrated solar power adoption in the United States, Europe, the Middle East, North Africa, India, and China. The study analyzes the perceived threat from solar photovoltaics and assesses the key challenges and opportunities presented by regional policies, capital environments, utility scale demand, and solar resources well suited for CSP. Market forecasts extend through 2020 and include projections for installed capacity and revenue by region.

Key Questions Addressed:

Which countries will drive CSP technology development and adoption, and why?
How will regional renewable energy policies, feed-in tariffs, government-backed loan guarantees, and research grants drive CSP forward?
How do policy and capital environments compare across China, India, MENA, Europe, and the United States?
How have PV performance and price drops affected CSP projects?
What are the underlying reasons for the recent conversion of 2.2 GW of U.S. based CSP capacity?
What are the key factors that will drive current CSP market decline and recovery in 2016?

Who needs this report?

Concentrated solar power technology companies
Project developers
Utilities
Industry associations
Government agencies
Investor community

1. Executive Summary

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Industry Growth

2. Technology and Applications

2.1 Technology Overview

2.2 Anatomy of Main System Configurations

2.2.1 Power Tower

2.2.2 Parabolic Trough

2.2.3 Dish

2.2.4 Linear Fresnel Lens

2.3 CSP Applications

2.3.1 Standalone Power Generation

2.3.2 Hybridization with Fossil Fuels: Integrated Solar Combined Cycle (ISCC)

2.3.3 Energy Storage

2.3.4 Process Heat

2.4 Natural Resource: Solar Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI)

2.5 Competition from Photovoltaics

2.6 Water Usage and the Challenge from PV

3. Market Issues

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Commercial History

3.3 Market Drivers

3.3.1 Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Reduction

3.3.2 Energy Security

3.3.3 Energy Supply Diversification

3.3.4 Renewable Portfolio Standards (United States)

3.3.5 Policies and Incentives

3.3.5.1 Feed-In Tariffs

3.3.5.2 Government-Backed Loan Guarantees

3.3.5.3 Tax Breaks, Subsidies, and Incentives

3.3.5.4 Worldwide Incentives

3.3.6 Policy Trends: United States, Europe, MENA, India, China, and Australia

3.3.6.1 United States

3.3.6.2 European Union: Spain and Italy

3.3.6.3 Middle East and North Africa

3.3.6.4 India

3.3.6.5 China

3.3.6.6 Australia

3.3.7 R&D Grants and Subsidies

3.3.8 Private Sector Investments

3.4 Market Barriers

3.4.1 Permitting

3.4.2 Financing

3.4.3 Transmission

4. Key Markets

4.1 United States

4.1.1 U.S. Market Disparity

4.1.2 U.S. Market Drivers and Opportunities

4.2 European Union

4.3 Middle East and North Africa

4.3.1 Masdar

4.3.2 MASEN

4.3.3 DESERTEC

4.4 India

4.5 China

4.6 Australia

5. Key Industry Players

5.1 Abengoa Solar

5.2 ACCIONA Energy

5.3 AREVA

5.4 BrightSource Energy

5.5 China Renewable Energy Scale-up Program (CRESP)

5.6 DESERTEC Foundation

5.7 eSolar

5.8 Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission (India’s Solar Mission)

5.9 Masdar

5.10 Morocco Agency for Solar Energy (MASEN)

5.11 NextEra Energy Resources

5.12 Novatec

5.13 SCHOTT Solar

5.14 Siemens

5.15 Solar Millennium (and Solar Trust of America)

5.16 SolarReserve

5.17 Torresol

6. Market Forecasts

6.1 Methodology

6.2 Flex Points in Model

6.2.1 Incentives

6.2.2 Regional Politics and Policies

6.2.3 Technology

6.2.4 Market Conditions

6.2.5 Recent Signals

6.3 Global CSP Market Forecast

6.4 Regional Breakdown

6.4.1 United States

6.4.2 Europe

6.4.3 MENA

6.4.4 India

6.4.5 China

6.4.6 Australia

6.5 Market Value by Region, World Markets

6.5.1 United States

6.5.2 Europe

6.5.3 MENA

6.5.4 India

6.5.5 China

6.5.6 Australia

7.      Company Directory
8.      Acronym and Abbreviation List
9.      Table of Contents
10.    Table of Charts and Figures
11.     Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

CSP Project Announcements vs. Construction Starts, United States: October 2011
CSP Revenue, World Markets: 2012-2020
Current Project Pipeline, Announced, Under Development, and in Construction, World Markets: 2011-2017
Total Primary Energy Demand, World Markets: 1990-2030
CSP Project Announcements vs. Construction Starts, United States: October 2011
Electric Power Industry Net Generation, United States: 2009
CSP Capacity, World Markets: 2012-2020
CSP Revenue, World Markets: 2012-2020
CSP Capacity, United States: 1990-2020
CSP Revenue, United States: 2012-2020
CSP Capacity, Europe: 2007-2020
CSP Revenue, Europe: 2011-2020
CSP Capacity, MENA: 2011-2020
CSP Revenue, MENA: 2011-2020
CSP Capacity, India: 2012-2020
CSP Revenue, India: 2012-2020
CSP Capacity, China: 2012-2020
CSP Revenue, China: 2012-2020
Power Tower
Parabolic Trough CSP Technology
Dish Stirling
Linear Fresnel Lens
Simplified Steam Generation Flow Chart
Stored Power Dispatch Principle
Indirect vs. Direct Normal Irradiance
Global Direct Normal Irradiance
Coal-Fired Power Plants, United States
Direct Normal Irradiance, United States
High-Voltage Direct Current Transmission Lines, United States
Direct Normal Irradiance, Europe and MENA
DESERTEC Concept
DNI, India
DNI, China
Population Density, China
DNI, Australia

List of Tables

Renewable Portfolio Standards by State, United States
Renewable Energy Policies and Incentives, World Markets
DOE Loan Guarantee Awards, United States: 2010-2011
CSP Subsidies, MENA
CSP Projects Awarded Under PPAs, United States
CSP Projects, Europe
CSP Projects, MENA
CSP Projects, China
CSP Projects, India
CSP Project Announcements vs. Construction Starts, United States: October 2011
Share of CSP Project Announcements vs. Construction Starts, United States: October 2011
CSP Additional Capacity, United States: 1992-2020
CSP Installed Capacity, United States: 1990-2020
CSP Revenue, United States: 2012-2020
CSP Additional Capacity, Europe: 2007-2020
CSP Installed Capacity, Europe: 2007-2020
CSP Revenue, Europe: 2011-2020
CSP Additional Capacity, India: 2012-2020
CSP Installed Capacity, India: 2012-2020
CSP Revenue, India: 2012-2020
CSP Additional Capacity, China: 2012-2020
CSP Installed Capacity, China: 2012-2020
CSP Revenue, China: 2012-2020
CSP Additional Capacity, MENA: 2011-2020
CSP Installed Capacity, MENA: 2011-2020
CSP Revenue, MENA: 2011-2020
CSP Installed Capacity, World Markets: 2012-2020
CSP Revenue, World Markets: 2012-2020
Project Pipeline by Region, World Markets: 2011-2020
Existing MW Installed, World Markets

Distributed Solar Energy Generation

Kristi Anderson — Sat, 22 Oct 2011 23:55:37 +0000

Solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity was added in more than 100 countries during 2010. The distributed solar PV market is dominated by residential and commercial grid-connected PV systems and is concentrated in regions with favorable financial incentives, such as premium feed-in tariffs (FITs) including Germany, Italy, France, the Czech Republic, Japan, the United States (led by California), and Canada (led by Ontario). Europe will continue to be the largest market for distributed solar PV during this forecast period, but China and India’s growing economies and high percentages of population without access to electricity represent large market opportunities.

Consumer demand for distributed systems is growing as the cost of PV modules has continued its steady descent. Combined with innovative financing and leasing options, third-party and utility ownership models, and highly-effective feed-in tariff programs, solar PV is expanding faster than most expected. Today’s solar PV market is all about cost, which is good for consumers and installers, but brutal for manufacturers. Costs are expected to continue their rapid decline as Chinese crystalline silicon manufacturers gain market share and thin-film increases in efficiency. Pike Research forecasts almost $600 billion in revenues throughout the distributed solar PV value chain during the period between 2011 and 2015.

This Pike Research report analyzes the current status of, along with the future outlook for, the global market for distributed solar photovoltaics. The study includes an assessment of global trends, cost analysis, installation and pricing forecasts, market sizing, and an examination of the competitive landscape of solar PV manufacturers.

Key Questions Addressed:

Which countries will lead in distributed solar PV development over the next four years – and why?

How does distributed solar PV compare against other renewable distributed energy generation technologies?

What are the most common applications of distributed solar PV systems?

What is the current status and outlook for distributed solar PV financial incentives?

How much does it cost to install distributed solar PV in each country?

Who are the solar PV manufacturer market leaders and where are they working?

How is technological innovation playing a role in the development of the distributed solar PV industry?

What key barriers and opportunities will shape the distributed solar PV market?

How much capital will be invested in total distributed solar PV installations by 2015?

Who needs this report?

Solar PV module and component manufacturers
Solar PV industry service providers
Renewable energy technology suppliers
Renewable energy project developers
Utilities
Economic development agencies
Government agencies & regulators
Investor community

1. Executive Summary

1.1 A Brief History

1.2 Big Growth in Small Markets

1.3 RDEG Market Growth: 2009-2015

1.4 The Three Primary Growth Drivers for Solar PV

1.5 The Solar PV Industry

1.6 Emerging Trends in Solar PV

2. Market Issues

2.1 Defining the Market

2.2 What Is Distributed Solar Generation?

2.3 Solar Power Systems

2.4 The Status of the Solar PV Market & Key Trends

2.4.1 Distributed Solar Gains Public & Political Traction vs. Centralized Solar

2.4.2 Austerity Measures Shift Incentives toward Smaller Distributed Systems

2.4.3 Distributed Generation Can Still Mean Thinking Big

2.4.4 Can Distributed Solar PV Continue its Price Declines and still be Profitable?

2.5 Industry Growth Drivers

2.5.1 Global Renewable Energy Generation Trends

2.5.2 Legislative and Regulatory Mandates

2.5.3 Financial Incentives and Public Policies

2.5.3.1 Feed-in Tariffs

2.5.3.2 Grants

2.5.3.3 Interconnection and Permitting Standards

2.5.3.4 Loan Programs

2.5.3.5 Net Metering Policies

2.5.3.6 Property Tax Incentives

2.5.3.7 Public Benefit Funds

2.5.3.8 Rebate Programs

2.5.3.9 Renewable Portfolio Standards

2.5.3.10 Sales Tax Incentives

2.5.3.11 Renewable Energy Certificates

2.5.4 Asset Ownership

2.5.5 Improvements to Existing Technologies

2.5.5.1 Photovoltaic Technology Innovations

2.5.6 Emergence of New Technologies

2.5.7 Microgrids

2.5.8 Other Drivers

2.5.8.1 Push for Energy Independence and Energy Security

2.5.8.2 Benefits of Green Marketing

2.5.8.3 World Demand and Pricing of Fossil Fuels

2.6 Implementation Issues

2.6.1 Grid Interconnection

2.6.2 Grid Integrity and Safety

2.6.3 Standards and Permitting

3. Technology Issues

3.1 Photovoltaic Systems

3.1.1 History

3.1.2 Basic Principles

3.1.2.1 PV Cell Types

3.1.2.2 Crystalline

3.1.2.3 Thin-Film

3.1.3 Strengths and Weaknesses

3.1.4 Costs

3.1.4.1 Module Costs

3.1.4.2 Economies of Scale

3.1.4.3 Installed Costs

3.1.4.4 Low-Cost Polysilicon

3.1.5 Efficiency

3.1.6 Reliability

3.1.7 Scalability

3.1.8 Availability

3.2 Grid-Tied vs. Off-Grid Installations

3.3 Distributed Solar PV Applications

3.3.1 Residential

3.3.2 Commercial/Retail

3.3.3 Government and Institutions

3.3.4 Farms

3.3.5 Telecom Primary and Backup Power

3.3.6 Marine, Remote Monitoring, and Security

3.3.7 Hybrid Systems

3.3.8 Community Projects

3.3.8.1 Solar Gardens and Solar Farms

4. Demand Drivers

4.1 Developed Nations vs. Developing Nations

4.2 North America

4.2.1 United States

4.2.1.1 Federal Level

4.2.1.2 State Level

4.2.2 Canada

4.2.3 Mexico

4.3 Europe

4.3.1 Germany

4.3.2 Spain

4.3.3 Italy

4.3.4 United Kingdom

4.3.5 France

4.3.6 European Union

4.3.7 Rest of Europe

4.4 Asia Pacific

4.4.1 China

4.4.2 Japan

4.4.3 South Korea

4.4.4 Australia

4.4.5 India

4.5 Rest of World

4.5.1 Africa

4.5.2 Middle East

4.6 Conventional Energy Sources

4.6.1 Fuel Supply and Demand

4.7 Electricity Rates

4.8 Cost/kWh: Solar PV vs. Conventional Sources

4.9 Permitting and Siting Centralized Plants

5. Market Forecasts

5.1 Distributed Photovoltaic Systems

5.1.1 Americas

5.1.1.1 United States

5.1.1.1.1. California

5.1.2 Canada

5.1.3 Europe

5.1.3.1 Established Markets

5.1.3.2 Emerging Markets

5.1.4 Asia Pacific

5.1.5 Rest of World

6. Competitive Landscape

6.1 Solar PV Module/Cell Manufacturers

6.2 Chinese & Taiwanese Manufacturers

6.3 Japanese Manufacturers

6.4 American Manufacturers

6.5 European Manufacturers

7.      Company Directory
8.      Acronym and Abbreviation List
9.      Table of Contents
10.    Table of Charts and Figures
11.     Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

PV Installation Costs, World Markets Price Index: 2009-2015
Distributed PV Annual Capacity Additions, Americas: 2009-2015
Distributed PV Annual Capacity Additions, Europe: 2009-2015
Distributed PV Annual Capacity Additions, Asia Pacific: 2009-2015
Top Solar PV Markets (Distributed and Non-Distributed, GW), World Market: 2010
Cumulative Grid-Connected Solar PV Installations, Top 10 U.S. States: 2007-2010
Comparing Current Status of Distributed Solar PV and Centralized Solar Projects in California
Cost Comparison of Residential Solar PV Installation Costs, United States and Germany ($/Peak W): 2010
Forecasted Energy Use by Fuel Type: 1990-2035
EIA Forecasts of Net Electricity Generation Fuels: 2007-2035
Cumulative Installed Capacity by Region and Technology: 2009
Renewable Energy Share of Global Electricity Production: 2010
Photovoltaic Cells
Commercial Rooftop Solar PV System Prices, Various Technologies, U.S. Markets: 2010
Annual Installed Grid-Connected PV Capacity by Sector, U.S. Markets: 2001-2010
Representative Global Deployments of Telecom Backup Power by Technology
Renewable Portfolio Standards by State
Renewable Distributed Energy Generation Carve-Outs by State
Third-Party Solar Purchase Power Agreements
Average Household Electricity Rates, Select Countries: 2009
Average Industrial Electricity Rates, Select Countries: 2009
Comparative Cost of New Generation by Source: 2008
Market Shares of Top 15 Solar PV Cell Manufacturers: 2010
Top 15 Solar PV Cell Manufacturers, by Technology: 2010

List of Tables

Distributed Energy Generation Technology Comparison
PV Strengths and Weaknesses
Renewable Energy Policies and Incentives Summary, World Markets
Estimated Annual Growth of Distributed PV Capacity, World Markets: 2010-2015
Distributed PV Global Annual Installed Capacity, World Markets: 2009-2015
Distributed System Installed Price, World Markets: 2009-2015
Estimated Distributed PV Installed System Revenue, World Markets: 2009-2015

Wind Energy Outlook for North America

Kristi Anderson — Tue, 18 Oct 2011 16:15:55 +0000

The North American wind energy industry is lagging in key areas compared to Europe and Asia, but many key industry players are optimistic about the North American market as turbine costs continue to drop dramatically. In 2010, a total of 5,784 MW of wind capacity was installed in North America. The region currently accounts for more than 22% of the world’s total installed wind capacity and is home to the second largest wind market – the United States. As a region, North America fell to third place in cumulative installations in 2009 behind Asia Pacific and Europe. Pike Research expects installations in the region to reach 125 GW by 2017, with offshore installations accounting for fewer than 3% of that total. Pike Research anticipates that 2011 will be another difficult year for the industry in North America, however, we do see tentative signs of recovery.

Pike Research’s analysis indicates that wind energy installation costs in the United States will total more than $125 billion between 2011 and 2017, capturing 15% of the global market during that period. Canada will reach 15 GW of total wind capacity by 217, with more than 400 MW of that amount derived from offshore installations. In Canada, installation costs will total $19.3 billion between 2011 and 2017. In the midst of this market transition, turbine manufacturer market shares are fluid, as well. In 2010, Chinese wind turbine manufacturer Sinovel overtook GE Wind Energy to become the second largest wind turbine supplier worldwide, and came in at less than 1% (350 MW) behind industry leader Vestas.

This Pike Research report provides an in-depth analysis of North American opportunities in the onshore and offshore wind power markets, as well as an examination of key challenges facing the industry. It examines technology innovations that will influence the future direction of the market, and also features detailed profiles of key industry players, including a competitive regional analysis of the major wind energy markets across their respective technology, policy, and capital environments. Market forecasts extend through 2017 and include projections for installed capacity, installation costs, and offshore production revenue, all segmented by onshore, offshore, region, and country.

Key Questions Addressed:

What is the outlook for onshore and offshore wind installations in North America over the next six years – and what are the key market drivers?
How did the global financial crisis and recession affect the North American wind energy market relative to other regions?
How do the technology, policy, and capital environments compare across North America, Asia Pacific, and Europe?
How will the Chinese turbine manufacturers’ international expansion affect the North American market for wind turbines?
Has wind energy reached grid parity?
How much does it cost to install wind turbines in Canada and the United States?
Who are the leaders in the push to larger wind turbines and where are they being deployed?
What key barriers and opportunities will shape the North American wind energy market?
How much capital will be invested in North American wind installations by 2017?

Who needs this report?

Wind turbine and component manufacturers
Wind industry service providers
Economic development agencies
Business schools
Think-tanks, non-profits, and industry associations
Government agencies and regulators
Investor community

1. Executive Summary

1.1 North America Wind Energy Market Outlook

1.2 Wind Power Market Forecasts

1.3 Key Trends and Profiles of Wind Turbine Manufacturers and System Designers

2. Market Issues

2.1 Defining the Market & Macro Trends

2.2 Wind Power Growth during the Financial Crisis and Recession

2.2.1 North America

2.3 Wind Power in the Context of All Electricity Sources

2.4 Offshore Wind

2.4.1 Better Power Production Capacity Factors

2.5 Industry Growth Drivers

2.5.1 Comparing Technological Innovation: Europe Leads, North America Gains, China Joins the Race

2.5.1.1 Technological Innovation: Europe (+++)

2.5.1.2 Technological Innovation: North America (++)

2.5.1.3 Technological Innovation: Asia Pacific (+)

2.5.2 Comparing Policy Environments: China Sets Ambitious Path, Europe Adjusts, but Stays on Target, United States Scrambles as States Lead

2.5.2.1 Policy Environment: Asia Pacific (+++)

2.5.2.2 Policy Environment: Europe (++)

2.5.2.3 Policy Environment: North America (+)

2.5.3 Comparing Capital Environments: China Unfazed, Europe Slows, United States Falters

2.5.3.1 Capital Environment: Asia Pacific (+++)

2.5.3.2 Capital Environment: Europe (++)

2.5.3.3 Capital Environment: North America (+)

2.6 Increasing Demand for Energy over the Long Term

2.7 Cost of Conventional Energy Source Trends

2.7.1 North America

2.8 Carbon Emissions Reduction

2.9 Renewable Energy Targets

2.9.1 United States

2.9.2 Canada

2.10 Incentives and Subsidies

2.10.1 United States

2.10.2 Canada

2.11 Job Creation

2.12 Implementation Issues

2.12.1 Grid Integration

2.12.2 United States

2.12.3 Canada

2.12.4 High-Voltage Direct Current

2.13 Overcoming Intermittency and Institutional Barriers

2.14 Land Use Impacts

2.14.1 Less Land Use Impact than Solar

2.15 Permitting Delays

2.16 Is Wind Power Cost Competitive with Fossil Fuels?

2.16.1 Net Installation Cost of Onshore Wind Power

2.16.2 Turbine Costs

2.16.3 Balance of System Costs

2.16.4 Operations and Maintenance Costs

2.16.5 Refurbishment Costs

2.16.6 Net Cost of Offshore Wind Power

2.16.7 Financing

3. Technology Issues

3.1 Wind Turbine Basics

3.1.1 Towers

3.1.2 Nacelles and Interior Components

3.1.3 Gearboxes and Generators

3.1.4 Rotors – Blades and Hub

3.1.5 Wind Turbine Raw Materials

3.1.5.1 Rare Earth Metals

3.1.6 Types

3.1.6.1 Horizontal versus Vertical Axis

3.1.6.2 Upwind versus Downwind

3.1.6.3 Three Blades versus Two Blades

3.2 Efficiency

3.3 Reliability

3.4 Scalability

3.5 Availability

3.6 Technology Trends

3.6.1 Technology Trend: Innovation in Component Design & Reliability

3.6.2 Technology Trend: Direct Drive Gaining versus Traditional Geared Turbine

3.6.3 Technology Trend: Self-Erecting Towers & On-Site Manufacturing

3.6.4 Technology Trend: Increasing Turbine Capacities to Increase Economies of Scale

3.6.5 Technology Trend: Wind Energy Storage

3.6.6 Technology Trend: Wind Forecasting Improvements

4. Key Industry Trends and Company Profiles

4.1 Trends among Turbine Manufacturers, Component Suppliers, and Design Service Providers

4.1.1 Companies’ Global Footprint Cushions Regional Economic Troubles

4.1.2 Chinese Turbine Manufacturers Leap Ahead and Abroad Amid Criticism

4.1.3 Consolidation Leads to More Vertically Integrated Companies

4.2 Key Profiles

4.2.1 Wind Turbine Manufacturers and System Designers

4.2.1.1 ACCIONA Energia

4.2.1.2 Enercon Services Inc.

4.2.1.3 Gamesa

4.2.1.4 GE Wind Energy

4.2.1.5 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

4.2.1.6 Nordex

4.2.1.7 Suzlon Energy

4.2.1.8 REpower Systems SE

4.2.1.9 Siemens AG

4.2.1.10 Vestas

4.2.1.11 Sinovel Wind Group

4.2.1.12 Goldwind Science & Technology Co. Ltd

4.2.1.13 Dongfang Electric Corporation Limited

4.2.1.14 American Superconductor

4.2.1.15 Clipper Windpower

4.2.1.16 Nordic Windpower

4.2.2 Turbine Component Manufacturers

4.2.2.1 Bosch Rexroth

4.2.2.2 LM Wind Power

5. Market Forecasts

5.1 Global Renewable Energy Generation Trends

5.2 Wind Energy Market Forecasts

5.2.1 North American Market Forecast

5.3 Country Forecasts

5.3.1.1 United States

5.3.1.2 Canada

6.      Company Directory
7.      Acronym and Abbreviation List
8.      Table of Contents
9.      Table of Charts and Figures
10.    Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

Cumulative Wind Power Generation Capacity by Region, World Markets: 2008-2017
Annual Wind Power Capacity Additions by Region, World Markets: 2008A-2010A
Cumulative Installed Wind Capacity by Country, North America: 2008-2017
New Additions of All Wind Capacity by Country, North America: 2009-2017
Total Onshore and Offshore Wind Installation Costs, North America: 2011-2017
Offshore Wind Power Production Revenues by Country, North America: 2011-2017
Cumulative Wind Power Generation Capacity by Sector, United States: 2008-2017
Cumulative Wind Power Generation Capacity by Sector, Canada: 2008-2017
Global Wind Turbine Market by Manufacturer: 2008-2010
Wind Energy Market Definition
Cumulative Installed Wind Power Capacity, United States: 2010
Cumulative Installed Wind Power Capacity, Canada: 2Q 2011
U.S. Annual Power Capacity Additions by Percentage
North American Offshore Wind Project Activity: July 2011
World Net Electricity Generation by Fuel: 2007-2035
Renewable Portfolio Standards, Goals, United States: 2011
Summary of Key Policies and Incentives in the United States and Canada
Current Online Wind-Related Manufacturing Facilities in the United States
Existing, Committed, and Potential Interconnection Lines between Jurisdictions
Existing and Planned Wind Farms, Canada: 2010-2017
Comparisons of Line Losses between AC and DC Transmission Cables
Land Conversion from Agriculture, Wind vs. Concentrated Solar Energy
Energy Projects Currently Being “Stalled, Stopped, or Killed”
Comparing the Price of Wind and Natural Gas, United States: 2003-2009
NREL Ranking of Overnight Capital Costs for Power Plants
Cost Elements of Capital Investment in New Wind Projects: Europe
Comparisons of Operations and Maintenance Costs per MWh of Generation: 2006
Types of Repairs for Onshore Wind Turbines (2.5 kW to 1.5 MW): 2008
Cost of Wind Turbine Components: 2009
Prospective Impact of Innovations in Onshore Wind Turbines on Cost/kWh
Diagram of a Typical Nacelle
Evolution of Wind Technology Prototype Designs in the United States
Cost Rationale for Offshore Wind
Global Annual Wind Turbine Market Share by Manufacturer: 2008-2010
Forecasted Energy Use by Fuel Type: 1990-2035
EIA Forecasts of Net Electricity Generation Fuels: 2007-2035
Cumulative Installed Capacity by Region and Technology: 2009

List of Tables

Comparing Technology, Policy, and Capital Environments
Offshore Wind SWOT Analysis
Comparing Technology, Policy, and Capital Environments
Wind as a Percentage of Electricity Generation, Top Countries
Cumulative Installed Wind Capacity by Country, North America: 2008-2017
New Additions of Onshore Wind Capacity by Country, North America: 2009-2017
Cumulative Offshore Wind Installed Capacity by State and Country, North America: 2008-2017
New Additions of Offshore Wind Capacity by State and Country, North America: 2009-2017
Growth in Cumulative Installed Wind Capacity by Country, North America: 2008-2017
New Additions of All Wind Capacity by Country, North America: 2009-2017
Estimated Onshore Wind Energy Production by Country, North America: 2008-2017
Offshore Wind Power Production Revenues by State and Country, North America: 2011-2017
Average Onshore Wind Turbine Price per Kilowatt by Country, North America: 2008-2017
Annual Onshore Wind Turbine Investments by Country, North America: 2009-2017
Annual Onshore and Offshore Wind Installation Costs by Country, North America: 2010-2017
Annual Onshore Wind Installation Costs by Country, North America: 2010-2017
Annual Offshore Wind Installation Costs by State and Country, North America: 2010-2017
Global Annual Wind Turbine Market Share by Manufacturer: 2008-2010
12 Largest Wind Farms in Operation Today
Top 15 Largest Wind Turbines, Commercially Available or Under Research and Development: 2011
Major Wind Turbine Company Merger & Acquisition Activity: 2009-2011

Small Wind Power

Kristi Anderson — Thu, 29 Sep 2011 03:23:07 +0000

Power generation from small wind turbines is an increasingly important part of the broader market for renewable distributed energy generation. Small wind power provides cost-effective electricity on a highly localized level, both in remote settings as well as in conjunction with power from the utility grid. Growth in the industry is being driven by increased awareness of small wind technologies as an alternative source of electric power, the desire for community ownership of power generation, and the recognition that investment in small wind turbines can be an enduring source of economic development for the locales in which they are deployed.

Despite their benefits, small wind turbines have not enjoyed the same level of innovation when it comes to unique financing and business models, particularly when compared with distributed solar energy. This is largely because small wind turbines are currently more efficient than solar photovoltaic systems and, therefore, more economical from a levelized cost of energy perspective. In a region with adequate wind resources, the payback for a small wind system can be 5-10 years and does not require creative financing, like solar often does. Business models that are gaining traction in the small wind sector include leasing programs and utility or third-party ownership, and as the technology develops further, Pike Research anticipates that the price of turbines will continue to fall.

This Pike Research report examines the global market for small wind power including the equipment, components, and installation and service models to enable distributed energy generation from small wind turbines. The report provides a comprehensive examination of industry growth drivers, technology issues, regulatory frameworks, financing structures, and the competitive landscape. Global market forecasts, segmented by world region, extend through 2015.

Key Questions Addressed:

Which countries will lead in small wind development over the next several years – and why?
How does small wind power compare against other Renewable Distributed Energy Generation technologies?
What are the most common applications for small wind power systems?
What is the current status and outlook for small wind power financial incentives?
How much does it cost to install small wind turbines in each country?
Who are the small wind power market leaders and where are they working?
How is technological innovation playing a role in the development of the small wind power industry?
Who is investing in small wind power?
What key barriers and opportunities will shape the small wind power market?
How much capital will be invested in total small wind installations by 2015?

Who needs this report?

Small wind turbine and component manufacturers
Small wind and other renewable energy vendors and distributors
Small wind industry service providers (law firms, banks, recruiters)
Economic development agencies
Business schools
Think-tanks, non-profits, and industry associations
Government agencies and regulators
Investor community
Distributed power generation and community wind power advocates

1. Executive Summary

1.1 A Brief History

1.1.1 Early U.S. Development Efforts

1.1.2 The Energy Crisis of the 1970s: California Boom Year

1.2 Big Growth in Small Markets

1.3 RDEG Market Growth: 2009-2015

1.4 The Three Primary Growth Drivers for Small Wind Turbines

1.5 Emerging Trends in Small Wind Turbine Deployment

1.6 Opportunities for Small Wind Turbine Deployment

2. Market Issues

2.1 Defining the Market

2.2 What Is Distributed Energy Generation?

2.3 Defining Small Wind Systems

2.4 Status of the Small Wind Market

2.4.1 Demand for Small Wind Exists Globally

2.4.2 Investment Dollars Drive Technological Development and Market Expansion

2.4.3 Focus of Leading SWT Companies Shifts from the U.S. to the U.K. Market

2.5 Industry Growth Drivers

2.5.1 Global Renewable Energy Generation Trends

2.5.2 Legislative and Regulatory Mandates

2.5.3 Financial Incentives and Public Policies

2.5.3.1 Feed-in Tariffs

2.5.3.2 Grants

2.5.3.3 Interconnection and Permitting Standards

2.5.3.4 Loan Programs

2.5.3.5 Net Metering Policies

2.5.3.6 Property Tax Incentives

2.5.3.7 Public Benefit Funds

2.5.3.8 Rebate Programs

2.5.3.9 Renewable Portfolio Standards

2.5.3.10 Sales Tax Incentives

2.5.3.11 Renewable Energy Certificates

2.5.4 Asset Ownership

2.5.5 Improvements to Existing Technologies

2.5.5.1 Small Wind Technology Innovations

2.5.6 Microgrids

2.5.7 Other Drivers

2.5.7.1 Push for Energy Independence and Energy Security

2.5.7.2 Benefits of Green Marketing

2.5.7.3 World Demand and Pricing of Fossil Fuels

2.6 Implementation Issues

2.6.1 Grid Interconnection

2.6.2 Grid Integrity and Safety

2.6.3 Standards and Permitting

3. Technology Issues

3.1 Basic Principles

3.1.1 Types

3.1.1.1 Horizontal Axis

3.1.1.2 Vertical Axis

3.1.2 Strengths and Weaknesses

3.1.3 Cost

3.1.4 Efficiency

3.1.5 Reliability

3.1.6 Scalability

3.1.7 Availability

3.2 Grid-Tied vs. Off-Grid Installations

3.3 Small Wind Applications

3.3.1 Residential

3.3.2 Commercial/Retail

3.3.3 Government and Institutions

3.3.4 Farms

3.3.5 Telecom Primary and Backup Power

3.3.6 Marine, Remote Monitoring, and Security

3.3.7 Hybrid Systems

3.3.8 Community Projects

3.3.8.1 Community Wind

4. Demand Drivers

4.1 Developed Nations vs. Developing Nations

4.2 North America

4.2.1 United States

4.2.1.1 Federal Level

4.2.1.2 State Level

4.2.2 Canada

4.2.3 Mexico

4.3 Europe

4.3.1 Germany

4.3.2 Spain

4.3.3 Italy

4.3.4 United Kingdom

4.3.5 France

4.3.6 European Union

4.3.7 Rest of Europe

4.4 Asia Pacific

4.4.1 China

4.4.2 Japan

4.4.3 South Korea

4.4.4 Australia

4.4.5 India

4.5 Rest of World

4.5.1 Africa

4.5.2 The Middle East

4.6 Conventional Energy Sources

4.6.1 Fuel Supply and Demand

4.7 Electricity Rates

4.8 Cost/kWh: Small Wind vs. Conventional Sources

4.9 Permitting and Siting Centralized Plants

5. Competitive Landscape

5.1 Small Wind Systems

5.2 Key Players

5.2.1 Bergey Wind Power

5.2.2 Endurance Energy

5.2.3 Northern Power Systems

5.2.4 Southwest Windpower

5.2.5 Wind Turbine Industries Corporation

6. Market Forecasts

6.1 World Renewable Distributed Energy Generation

6.2 Small Wind Systems

6.2.1 North America

6.2.2 Europe

6.2.3 Asia Pacific

6.2.4 Rest of World

6.2.4.1 The Middle East

6.2.4.2 Africa

7.     Company Directory
8.     Acronym and Abbreviation List
9.     Table of Contents
10.   Table of Charts and Figures
11.   Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

Small Wind Turbine Installations, World Markets: 2006-2011
Small Wind Turbine Systems Annual Capacity of Installed Systems, World Markets: 2006-2011F
Annual RDEG Capacity Additions, World Markets: 2009-2015
Small Wind System Installed Capacity Additions, World Markets: 2009A-2015
Small Wind System Installed Revenue, World Markets: 2009-2015
Small Wind System Installed Capacity Additions, Amercias: 2009A-2015
Small Wind System Installed Capacity Additions, Europe: 2009A-2015
Distributed PV Annual Capacity Additions, Asia Pacific: 2009-2015
Small Wind System Installed Capacity Additions, Middle East & Africa and Rest of World: 2009A-2015
Small Wind Installed Capacity, World Markets: 2009A-2015
Forecasted Energy Use by Fuel Type through 2035
EIA Forecasts of Net Electricity Generation Fuels: 2007-2035
Cumulative Installed Capacity by Region and Technology: 2009
Renewable Energy Share of Global Electricity Production: 2010
Basic Wind Turbine Designs
Representative Global Deployments of Telecom Backup Power by Technology
Renewable Portfolio Standards by State
Cumulative Number of Installed Small Wind Systems by System Size, United Kingdom: 2005-2011
Average Household Electricity Rates in Select Countries: 2009
Average Industrial Electricity Rates in Select Countries: 2009
Comparative Cost of New Generation by Source: 2008

List of Tables

Distributed Energy Generation Technology Comparison
Price Summary for Small Wind Feed-in Tariffs, World Markets: 2011
Global Summary – Renewable Energy Policies and Incentives
Small Wind Turbine Capacity Additions & Installations, World Markets: 2006-2011F
Small Wind Turbine Systems Annual Number of Systems Installed, World Markets: 2006-2011F
Small Wind Turbine Systems Annual Capacity of Installed Systems, World Markets: 2005-2011F
Wind System Strengths and Weaknesses
Global Summary – Renewable Energy Policies and Incentives
Top Small Wind Turbine Manufacturers by Kilowatts Sold: 2009
Top Wind Turbine Manufacturers by Number of Turbines Sold
Annual Growth of Small Wind Capacity, World Markets: 2009-2015
Small Wind System Installed Capacity Additions, World Markets: 2009-2015
Average Small Wind System Installed Price, World Markets: 2009-2015
Small Wind System Installed Revenue, World Markets: 2009-2015

European Union Clean Energy Policy

Kristi Anderson — Tue, 23 Aug 2011 23:52:53 +0000

The European Union has adopted a highly ambitious target of decarbonizing power generation and other key industrial sectors, in addition to 67% cuts in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from transport and up to 91% in reductions within the residential sector by 2050. To accomplish these goals, the EU embarked on a strategy of developing a holistic view of energy, transport, and efficiency – a departure from the traditional silo approach to policymaking. The roadmaps and white papers produced as part of this process provide several directional indicators on technology development in the EU, along with key targets that must be addressed at the member state level.

The implications of these policy documents cannot be underestimated, as they form a blueprint for the transition to a Smart Energy economy and a Smart Transport network within and across 27 countries, with a total population of 501 million people. This emerging policy framework will have a profound effect on the development of clean energy, the smart grid, and intelligent transportation systems.

This Pike Research white paper examines issues related to the EU 2050 targets and analyzes their implications alongside broader economic opportunities, such as creating a world-leading cleantech investment hub in the European Union and developing a robust energy infrastructure based on low-carbon technologies. The paper provides interpretation and analysis of policy trends as they relate to the development and adoption of emerging smart energy and transportation technologies and operational models.

What does this report answer?

What are the current EU policy documents affecting smart grids and smart transportation development?
What are the potential implications for technology development of the 2050 GHG emissions targets in the EU?
Which technologies are likely to be further developed and deployed in the EU?
Which will win in the EU – batteries or fuel cells?
What are the EU 2050 GHG targets by sector?

Who needs this report?

Policy makers
Technology vendors
Industry associations
Government agencies
Investor community
Utilities

1. Executive Summary

1.1 EU-27 Moves to a Low Carbon Economy

2. EU Low Carbon Economy Policy Background

2.1 Overview

2.2 2008 Energy and Emissions Profile

3. Implications of the EU Low Carbon Economy Policies

3.1 Overview

3.2 Energy

3.3 Transport

3.4 Energy Efficiency

3.5 Policy Discussion

4. Summary and Conclusions

4.1 Technology Development and Deployment

4.1.1 Shipping

4.1.2 Alternative Fuel Vehicle Refueling Technology

4.1.3 Residential

4.2 Development of Alternative Business Models

4.2.1 Energy Storage

4.2.2 Microgrids and Distributed Generation

4.3 Development of Alternative Consumption Models

4.3.1 The Use of ITS

4.3.2 Carbon Reduction at Residential Levels

5.     Appendix I – Reference List
6.     Acronym and Abbreviation List
7.     Table of Contents
8.     Table of Charts and Figures
9.     Scope of Study and Sources and Methodology

List of Charts and Figures

Final Energy Consumption by Sector and Country, EU: 2008
Final Energy Consumption by Sector and Country, EU: 2008
Percentage Gross Inland Consumption by Fuel by Country, EU: 2008
Renewable Energy Penetration Share per EU Nation: 2008
Final Energy Consumption by Mode of Transport, EU: 2008
GHG Emissions by Sector, EU: 1990-2008
GHG Emissions by Sector, EU: 2008
High-Speed Rail Network in Europe: 2010
EU Infrastructure Priority Areas for Electricity, Natural Gas, and Oil: 2011
Roadmap of the EU Smart Cities Initiative

List of Tables

GHG Reductions Compared to 1990 (% Reductions; 1990 = 100%): 2005-2050
GHG Reductions Compared to 1990 (% Reductions; 1990 = 100%): 2005-2050
Assessment of R&D Requirements for the Core Focused Transport Systems
Final Energy Consumption by Sector and Country, EU: 2008
Percentage Gross Inland Consumption by Fuel by Country, EU: 2008
Renewable Energy Penetration Share per EU Nation: 2008
Final Energy Consumption by Mode of Transport, EU: 2008
Percentage GHG Emissions by Sector, EU: 2008