As social media adoption continues to grow, utilities of all sizes are recognizing the impact these new services can have on their marketing, communications, and business strategies. Pike Research estimates that approximately 57 million customers worldwide will use social media to engage utilities in 2011, and that number is expected to rise to 624 million customers by the end of 2017. To assess consumer usage of social networking services for interaction with their utility companies, Pike Research conducted a web-based survey of more than 1,000 U.S. consumers in the fall of 2011 using a nationally representative and demographically balanced sample.

While some utilities have already seized the opportunity social media offers, others remain on the sidelines. Pike Research believes there are benefits utilities can garner by utilizing social networking and media services to communicate with end users, including:

Pike Research believes that as social networking and media become more pervasive, utilities and other companies will look to invest in and grow their presence in this area.

This Pike Research white paper examines the current frequency of consumer interactions with utilities using social media tools, the reasons for those interactions, and the demographic and behavioral segments most likely to use social media such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, LinkedIn, and blogs for utility interactions. The report also analyzes the level of interest among consumers in future engagement with utilities via social media. The report’s findings are based on a web-based survey of 1,051 U.S. consumers conducted in the fall of 2011.

What does this report answer?

• Are consumers adopting social networking and media services?
• Are they using these services to interact with their utilities?
• What are the most common social media sites that consumers use to communicate with their utility?
• How does the level of interaction with utilities via social media vary by demographic and behavioral segment?
• Why are consumers interacting with their utility through social networking and media sites?
• How likely are consumers to use social media and networking site to interact with their utility in the future?

Who needs this report?

• Utilities
• Smart meter manufacturers
• Home energy management companies
• Demand response service providers
• Smart appliance manufacturers
• Systems integrators
• Industry associations
• Consumer advocacy groups
• Government agencies
• Investor community

Table of Contents

1.       Introduction

2.      Current Use of Social Media

2.1        Current Use of Social Networking and Media

3.      Using Social Media to Interact with Utilities

3.1        Social Media and Utilities Customers

4.      Future Interaction with Utilities

4.1        Planned Future Interactions

5.      Summary and Conclusions

5.1        Current Social Media Usage

5.2        Future Social Media Services Usage

5.3        Social Media Recommendations for Utilities

6.      Table of Contents
7.      Table of Charts and Figures
8.      Scope of Study and Survey Methodology

List of Charts and Figures

• Current Use of Social Media Sites
• Social Media Usage by Demographic Segment
• Social Media Usage by Behavioral Segment
• Current Use of Social Media to Interact with Utility
• Interaction with Utility via Social Media by Demographic Segment
• Interaction with Utility via Social Media by Behavioral Segment
• Type of Social Media Used to Interact with Utility
• Frequency of Interaction with Utility via Social Media
• Reasons for Interaction with Utility via Social Media
• Planned Future Interaction with Utility via Social Media
• Planned Future Interaction with Utility by Demographic Segment
• Planned Future Interaction with Utility by Behavioral Segment

The batteries used in plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) will increasingly be utilized by property owners and grid operators to provide a wide variety of energy services. The power potential of the batteries can be used to reduce the utility costs of a building, or when aggregated with other vehicles or stationary energy storage sources, to provide ancillary services such as frequency regulation. The expected penetration of PEVs will provide sufficient numbers to compete with stationary energy storage and traditional peaking power plants. The additional cost for upgrading PEVs to V2G is considered favorable to the creation of new power generation assets.

V2G is currently being tested in pilot projects around the world and will initially be pursued by fleets and large consumers of energy where vehicles have established schedules for being plugged in. The highest demand for V2G will be in energy markets that are more open to new technologies and with higher concentrations of intermittent renewable power. Bulk energy storage applications such as storing excess wind energy production at night and returning the power to the grid during times of higher demand have not been aggressively pursued due to the potential negative impact of frequent full discharging on the cycle life of the batteries.

This Pike Research report examines the market opportunity for V2G technologies to be utilized for demand response, vehicle to building, frequency regulation, and various other ancillary services to support grid reliability and stability. The study analyzes technology issues and policy factors associated with the growth of V2G, as well as key hurdles to adoption. The strategies of key market participants are profiled, and forecasts are provided for V2G-enabled vehicles and service revenues through 2017.

Key Questions Addressed:

• When will V2G become commercially viable as a consumer application?
• What role will fleets play in launching V2G services?
• What is the revenue potential for V2G-enabled vehicles in ancillary services?
• How do local energy market regulations impact the potential for V2G?
• What regions of the world will lead in V2G adoption?

Who needs this report?

• Auto manufacturers and suppliers
• Battery manufacturers
• Utilities
• Grid operators
• Energy aggregators and services companies
• Government agencies
• Industry associations
• Investor community

Table of Contents

1.      Executive Summary

1.1  Introduction

1.2  Market Evolution

1.3  Market Challenges

2.      Market Issues

2.1  Development of V2G

2.1.1    Automaker Participation

2.1.2    Recent V2G Developments

2.1.3    Utility Involvement in V2G

2.2  PEV Sales

2.3  Ancillary Services

2.3.1    Energy Storage and Ancillary Services

2.3.2    V2G Market Barriers

2.3.3    Regional Demand for V2G in Ancillary Services

2.3.3.1    Markets in North America

2.3.3.2    ISO Regions

2.3.3.3    Markets in Europe

2.3.3.4    Markets in Asia Pacific

2.3.3.4.1.  Japan

2.3.3.4.2.  Korea

2.3.3.4.3.  India

2.3.3.4.4.  China

2.3.3.5    Markets in the Middle East

2.3.4    Demand Response

2.4  Virtual Power Plants/Microgrids

2.5  Vehicle to Building (V2B)

2.5.1    Demand Charge Avoidance and Peak Shaving

2.5.2    Emergency and Backup Power

2.6  Battery Charge and Discharge Rates

2.6.1    Bidirectional Power Delivery

2.6.2    Medium- and Heavy-Duty Vehicles

2.7  Management of PEVs

2.7.1    Smart Charging Management

2.7.2    Data Analytics

2.8  Equipment Requirements

2.8.1    Onboard Equipment

2.8.2    Premise Equipment

2.8.3    Utility Upgrades

2.9  Permitting

3.      Marketing and Commercialization

3.1  V2G Applicability of Ancillary Services

3.2  V2G Revenue Potential

3.2.1    Regulation Services

3.2.2    Demand Response

3.2.3    Pay-for-Performance

3.2.4    Battery Leasing

3.3  Battery Availability for V2G

3.4  V2G Case Studies

3.4.1    Amsterdam Smart City

3.4.2    Better Place – Israel and Denmark

3.4.3    DOE-Chrysler Trucks

3.4.4    EDISON Project

3.4.5    Green Crossover Town

3.4.6    Los Angeles Air Force Base

3.4.7    Maui Smart Grid Demonstration Project

3.4.8    MeRegio Mobil

4.      Industry Drivers

4.1  Fleets

4.2  Trucks

4.3  Employers

4.4  Military

4.5  Expansion of Renewable Power Generation

4.5.1    Wind

4.5.2    Solar

4.6  Energy Aggregators and Energy Service Companies

5.      Technology Issues

5.1  Security

5.2  Communications Standards

5.3  Safety Standard

5.4  Impact on Vehicle Batteries

6.      Key Industry Players

6.1  AC Propulsion

6.2  AutoPort Inc.

6.3  Better Place

6.4  Bosch

6.5  Coulomb Technologies Inc.

6.6  Daimler

6.7  Dansk Energi

6.8  Dong Energy

6.9  Eetrex Inc.

6.10  EnBW

6.11  Energinet.dk

6.12  Envision Solar

6.13  Fleet Energy Company

6.14  GE

6.15  Grid2Home

6.16  Hitachi

6.17  IBM

6.18  ITOCHU

6.19  Mazda

6.20  Mitsubishi

6.21  National Grid

6.22  Nissan Motor Corp.

6.23  NRG Energy

6.24  Nuvve

6.25  PGE

6.26  PJM

6.27  Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

6.28  Ricardo

6.29  RWE

6.30  SAP

6.31  SAE International

6.32  Siemens

6.33  Silver Spring Networks

6.34  TARDEC

6.35  Tendril

6.36  University of Delaware

6.37  Zam Energy

7.      Market Forecasts

7.1  V2G-Enabled Light-Duty Vehicles

7.2  V2G-Enabled Light-Duty Fleet Vehicles

7.3  V2G Investment

7.4  V2G-Enabled MD/HD Trucks

7.5   V2G-Enabled LD Vehicle Revenue from Ancillary Services

7.6   V2G-Enabled MD/HD Truck Revenue from Ancillary Services

8.       Company Directory
9.       Acronym and Abbreviation List
10.     Table of Contents
11.     Table of Charts and Figures
12.    Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

• V2G Applications and Participants
• Diagram of Vehicle and Grid Interaction in V2G
• States with Deregulated Electricity Markets
• The European Grid’s Five Synchronous Areas
• V2G-enabled PEV
• Green Crossover Town Project Diagram
• Cumulative Light-Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Total Ancillary Services Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Light-Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Light-Duty PEV Fleet Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• MD/HD Plug-in Trucks, Class 3-8 Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Cumulative Employer-Owned EV Charging Equipment Sales by Region: World Markets:  2011-2017
• Cumulative Installed Wind Capacity by Region, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Annual V2G-enabled Light-duty PEV Sales, World Markets: 2011-2017
• V2G-Enabled Light-Duty Fleet PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Vehicle Investment, V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEVs, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Cumulative V2G-Enabled MD/HD Trucks, Class 3-8 Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Total Ancillary Services Revenue, V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEVs, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Ancillary Services Revenue, V2G-Enabled MD/HD Trucks, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017

List of Tables

• Ancillary Services Overview
• Comparison of Battery Utility for Ancillary Services
• Cumulative Light-Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Light-Duty PHEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Light-Duty BEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Light-Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Light-Duty PHEV Fleet Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Light-Duty BEV Fleet Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Light-Duty PEV Fleet Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Cumulative EVSE Unit Sales by Region, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Cumulative Employer-Owned EV Charging Equipment Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• MD/HD Plug-in Truck, Class 3-8 Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Cumulative Workplace Charging Equipment Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Cumulative Installed Wind Capacity by Country, World Markets:  2011-2017
• V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Cumulative V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• V2G-Enabled Light-Duty Fleet PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Cumulative V2G-Enabled Fleet PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Vehicle Investment, V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEVs, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Vehicle Investment, V2G-Enabled Light-Duty Fleet PEVs, World Markets: 2011-2017
• V2G Infrastructure Investment, Light-Duty PEVs, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Cumulative Capacity of V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEVs by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Cumulative Storage Capacity of V2G-Enabled Light-Duty PEVs by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• V2G-Enabled MD/HD PEV Trucks, Class 3-8 Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Cumulative V2G-Enabled MD/HD PEV Trucks, Class 3-8 Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Cumulative Capacity of V2G-Enabled MD/HD Trucks, Class 3-8,  World Markets: 2011-2017
• Cumulative Storage Capacity of V2G-Enabled MD/HD Trucks, Class 3-8, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Vehicle Investment, V2G-Enabled MD/HD Trucks, Class 3-8, World Markets: 2011-2017
• V2G Infrastructure Investment, MD/HD Trucks, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Frequency Regulation Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Frequency Regulation Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Demand Response Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Demand Response Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Other Ancillary Services Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Other Ancillary Services Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Total Ancillary Services Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Total Ancillary Services Revenue, LD V2G-Enabled PEVs, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Frequency Regulation Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Frequency Regulation Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Demand Response Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Demand Response Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Other Ancillary Services Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Other Ancillary Services Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Ancillary Services Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Base Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Ancillary Services Revenue, MD/HD V2G-Enabled Trucks, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets: 2011-2017

Growing investments in distributed energy resources – renewable distributed energy generation, demand response (DR), energy storage, and plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) – will require new business and technology platforms to manage the increased level of diversity and complexity. The increasing variability of both generation (from solar and wind) and loads (due to DR and PEVs) will also require more sophisticated and decentralized decision making. As a result of all of these factors, interest in virtual power plants (VPPs) is gaining significant momentum within the industry.

One of the best ways to capture the essence of today’s most commercially viable VPP is this simple definition: the ability to tap resources in real time, and with enough granularity, to control the load profiles of customers, aggregate these resources, and put them up on a trader’s desk. Unlike microgrids, utilities will have to play a major role in the evolution of the VPP market, by nature of their reliance upon the transmission and distribution grid infrastructure, including smart meters. While there are several distinct segments within the VPP market, there is currently an explosion of interest in DR-based VPPs, which are expected to continue leading the way in terms of capacity additions over the next few years.

This Pike Research report provides an in-depth assessment of the market opportunity for VPPs including a comprehensive examination of the four major market segments: demand response-based VPPs, supply-side VPPs, mixed asset VPPs, and wholesale auction VPPs. The report includes detailed market forecasts through 2017, including three growth scenarios for each segment. The study also provides profiles and SWOT analysis for key industry players in the VPP market.

Key Questions Addressed:

• What is a “virtual power plant” and how do definitions differ in different parts of the world?
• Is a “virtual power plant” the same as a “microgrid“ or even the “smart grid?”
• How do the four VPP segments differ, and what do long-term trends suggest in terms of the dominant resources that will comprise future VPPs?
• Why are large companies such as GE, Cisco, IBM, and Schneider Electric entering this market?
• Who are the leading small innovators in the VPP space?
• What are the key gateway technologies that will accelerate VPP deployments beyond 2017?
• What are the policy drivers for VPPs in different parts of the world?
• What are key implementation issues for VPPs?
• Why are the United States, Germany, Denmark, Japan, and China such hot spots for VPPs?

Who needs this report?

• Utilities
• Smart grid hardware and software vendors
• Demand response providers
• IT software and services companies
• Government agencies
• Investor community

Table of Contents

1.      Executive Summary

1.1  Virtual Power Plant Market Overview

1.2  Market Forecasts

2.      Market Issues

2.1  VPP Definitions, Key Components, and Trends

2.1.1    Pike Research’s Working Definition

2.1.2    VPPs and Microgrids:  Similarities and Contrasts

2.1.3    Merging of Microgrid/VPP Models

2.1.4    What Specific Smart Grid Steps Support VPPs?

2.1.5    Global VPP Market Insights

2.1.6    Virtual Aggregation and Optimization Trends

2.2  The Business Case for VPPs

2.2.1    Better Generation Asset Utilization

2.2.2    Greater Flexibility in Meeting Power Demand

2.2.3    VPP Synergy with DR 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0

2.2.4    Modular, Nimble, and Diverse Supply Portfolios

2.2.5    Automated Dispatch Capability

2.2.6    Economic, Environmental, and Reliability Optimization Strategies

2.2.7    Bridging the Divide between Wholesale and Retail Markets

2.2.8    Net Cost of VPP Alternatives

2.2.9    Tipping Point Value for VPPs

2.3  Current Market Opportunities

2.3.1    Smart Grid Upgrades

2.3.2    Climate Change Considerations

2.3.3    Trends toward Real-Time, Time-of-Use Pricing

2.3.4    IT Crossovers into Power Markets

2.3.5    Community Solar and Virtual Net Metering

2.3.6    Community Choice Aggregation

2.3.7    Key Advantages of VPP over Microgrid

2.4  Implementation Issues

2.4.1    Lack of VPP Definitions, Incentives, and Policies

2.4.2    Lack of VPP Standards and Certifications

2.4.3    Current Consumer Backlash against Smart Grid Rollouts

2.4.4    Price Spikes, Big Brother, and Emerging EMF/RF Concerns

3.      Technology Issues

3.1  Key VPP Component Overview

3.1.1    Evolution of Electricity Markets

3.1.2    What Are the Top Two Technology Drivers for VPPs?

3.2  Renewable Distributed Energy Generation

3.2.1    Basic Principles

3.2.2    Strengths and Weaknesses

3.2.3    Commercial Time Horizon

3.3  Demand Response

3.3.1    Strengths and Weaknesses

3.3.2    Commercial Time Horizon

3.4  Advanced Energy Storage Technologies

3.4.1    Strengths and Weaknesses

3.4.2    Commercial Time Horizon

3.4.2.1    Lithium Ion Batteries

3.4.2.2    Sodium Sulfur Batteries

3.4.2.3    Flow Batteries

3.4.2.4    Flywheels

3.4.2.5    Compressed Air Energy Storage

3.4.2.6    Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage

3.5  Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

3.5.1    Strengths and Weaknesses

3.5.2    Commercial Time Horizon

3.6  Smart Inverters

3.6.1    Strengths and Weaknesses

3.6.2   Commercial Time Horizon

4.      Key Industry Players

4.1  Utilities

4.1.1    DONG Energy

4.1.2    Duke Energy

4.1.3    Xcel Energy

4.1.4    Southern California Edison

4.2  Large Non-Utility Players

4.2.1    Cisco

4.2.2    Schneider Electric

4.2.3    Siemens

4.2.4    IBM

4.2.5    General Electric

4.2.6    Alstom Grid

4.3  Demand Response Aggregators and Enablers

4.3.1    EnerNOC

4.3.2    Comverge

4.3.3    Consert

4.4  VPP Platform Trail Blazers

4.4.1    Spirae, Inc.

4.4.2    Power Analytics

4.4.3    Calico Energy

4.4.4    OSIsoft

4.4.5    Blue Pillar

4.5  VPP Optimization Software Firms

4.5.1    Ventyx

4.5.2    Viridity Energy

4.6  Storage, Smart Inverter, and Smart Switch Innovators

4.6.1    Xtreme Power

4.6.2    Princeton Power Systems

4.6.3    S&C Electric

5.      Market Forecasts

5.1  Market Overview

5.1.1    VPP Financial Incentives and Public Policies

5.1.1.1    Net Metering Policies

5.1.1.2    Feed-in Tariffs

5.1.1.3    Interconnection and Permitting Standards

5.1.1.4    Public Benefit Funds

5.1.1.5    Rebate Programs and Grants

5.1.1.6    Renewable Portfolio Standards

5.1.1.7    Renewable Energy Certificates

5.2  Policy Supports per Geography

5.2.1    United States

5.2.1.1    The Energy Independence and Security Act

5.2.1.2    FERC Order Number 676-F

5.2.1.3    FERC Order Number 719

5.2.1.4    FERC Order 745

5.2.2    European Union

5.2.2.1    Denmark

5.2.2.2    Germany

5.2.2.3    United Kingdom

5.2.2.4    Spain

5.2.2.5    Italy

5.2.2.6    France

5.2.3    Asia Pacific

5.2.3.1    Japan

5.2.3.2    China

5.2.3.3    Korea

5.2.4    India

5.2.4.1    Australia

5.2.4.2    New Zealand

5.2.5    Rest of the World

5.2.5.1    Latin America

5.2.5.2    Middle East and Africa

5.3  DR-VPP Forecasts

5.3.1    Case Study: Northern Westchester County Energy Action in New York

5.3.2    Global Overview of DR- VPPs

5.4  Supply Side VPP Forecasts

5.4.3    North America

5.4.4    Europe

5.4.5    Asia Pacific

5.4.6    Rest of the World

5.5  Mixed Asset VPPs

5.5.1    E-Energy

5.5.2    Global Overview

5.5.3    North America

5.5.4    Europe

5.5.5    Asia Pacific

5.5.6    Rest of the World

5.6  Wholesale Auction VPPs

6.      Company Directory
7.      Acronym and Abbreviation List
8.      Table of Contents
9.      Table of Charts and Figures
10.    Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

• VPP Diagram from Siemens, Founder of VPP Supply Concept
• VPP:  An Internet of Energy
• Potential VPP Grid Services Portfolio
• Hybrid Microgrid-VPP Networks for College Campuses
• Top Solar PV Markets (Distributed and Non-Distributed), 2010 (MW)
• VPP Conceptual Diagram
• Depiction of DR-VPP
• The DR Market Today:  1% to 2% of Summer Peak Days/Hours
• VPP Balances and Integrates Diverse Resources
• Moving from Disconnected to Dynamic Energy Management
• Basic Smart Grid Network Components in the United States
• DC Devices within the Typical Home
• RF Emissions Comparison of Household Devices and Smart Meters
• Before and After Smart Grid Technology
• Cutting Peak Demand via Distributed Generation
• California versus Germany:  Solar PV Capacity
• Many State Small Wind Incentives Curtailed or Suspended in 2011
• A Typical Residential Load Profile over a 24-Hour Day
• Transmission and Distribution Storage Applications
• End-Use Customer Storage Applications
• Worldwide Announced Storage Capacity for Electricity Markets: 4Q11
• Daily Fluctuations in Wind Power Production in the Pacific Northwest
• Smart Inverter Transforms Microgrid into VPP
• Smart Inverter Forecast Trend Lines
• Denmark’s Island of Bornholm VPP
• McApline Creek VPP
• Current and Projected Wind Generation for Xcel Energy
• Load Impacts of PHEVs on SCE’s Peak Load
• Model Mannheim Smart Microgrid Cells
• Alstom Grid VPP Projects in the United States and Europe
• Consert’s View of DR Market Value
• Denmark’s Cell Controller VPP
• Calico Energy’s Worldview on VPP Optimizations
• Blue Pillar’s View of Competitive Landscape
• Xtreme Power’s Storage System Service Portfolio
• Central High-Frequency Link for Four Bi-Directional Loads/Resources
• Net Metering Landscape in the United States
• U.S. State RPS Landscape
• United States and Canadian RTOs
• Europe’s Proposed SuperGrid in the North Sea (Phase 1)
• Combined Power Plant Map, Germany
• DR Capacity, All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Total VPP Capacity (DR, Supply-Side and Mixed Asset), All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Total VPP Revenue (DR, Supply-Side and Mixed Asset), All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Wholesale Auction VPP Revenue, All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Renewable Distributed Generation Capacity Additions, World Markets: 2009
• Annual RDEG Capacity Additions, World Markets: 2009-2015
• Cumulative Capacity Forecast by ESS for Ancillary Services Application, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Total EV Charging Station Unit Sales by Region, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Total VPP Capacity (DR, Supply-Side and Mixed Asset), All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Total VPP Revenue (DR, Supply-Side and Mixed Asset), All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• DR Capacity, All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• DR Revenue, All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• DR Capacity, Dynamic Pricing, Market Segments:  2011-2017
• Supply-Side VPP Capacity, All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Supply-Side VPP Revenue, All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Mixed Asset VPP Capacity, All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Mixed Asset VPP Revenue, All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Wholesale Auction VPP Capacity, All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Wholesale Auction VPP Revenue, All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• DR Capacity, Managed Load Reduction, Market Segments:  2011-2017
• DR Capacity, Managed Load Reduction, World Markets:  2011-2017
• DR Capacity, Dynamic Pricing, World Markets:  2011-2017
• DR Revenue, Managed Load Reduction, Market Segments:  2011-2017
• DR Revenue, Managed Load Reduction, World Markets:  2011-2017
• DR Revenue, Dynamic Pricing, Market Segments:  2011-2017
• DR Revenue, Dynamic Pricing, World Markets:  2011-2017

List of Tables

• SWOT Analysis for VPPs
• VPP vs. Central Station Plant Comparison
• RDEG SWOT Analysis for VPPs
• DR SWOT Analysis for VPPs
• Energy Storage SWOT Analysis for VPPs
• VPP ISO/Renewables Storage Application Comparison
• PHEV SWOT Analysis for VPPs
• Smart Inverter SWOT Analysis for VPPs
• DONG Energy SWOT Analysis
• Duke Energy SWOT Analysis
• Xcel Energy SWOT Analysis
• SCE SWOT Analysis
• Cisco SWOT Analysis
• Schneider Electric SWOT Analysis
• Siemens SWOT Analysis
• IBM SWOT Analysis
• GE SWOT Analysis
• Alstom SWOT Analysis
• EnerNOC SWOT Analysis
• Comverge SWOT Analysis
• Consert SWOT Analysis
• Spirae SWOT Analysis
• Power Analytics SWOT Analysis
• Calico Energy SWOT Analysis
• OSIsoft SWOT Analysis
• Blue Pillar SWOT Analysis
• Ventyx SWOT Analysis
• Viridity SWOT Analysis
• Xtreme Power SWOT Analysis
• Princeton Power Systems SWOT Analysis
• S&C Electric SWOT Analysis
• Total VPP Capacity, Base Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Total VPP Capacity, Average Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Total VPP Capacity, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Total VPP Revenue, Base Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Total VPP Revenue, Average Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Total VPP Revenue, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• DR Capacity, All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• DR Capacity, Managed Load Reduction, Market Segments:  2011-2017
• DR Capacity, Managed Load Reduction, World Markets:  2011-2017
• DR Capacity, Dynamic Pricing, Market Segments:  2011-2017
• DR Capacity, Dynamic Pricing, World Markets:  2011-2017
• DR Revenue, All Scenarios, World Markets:  2011-2017
• DR Revenue, Managed Load Reduction, Market Segments:  2011-2017
• DR Revenue, Managed Load Reduction, World Markets:  2011-2017
• DR Revenue, Dynamic Pricing, Market Segments:  2011-2017
• DR Revenue, Dynamic Pricing, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Supply-Side VPP Capacity, Base Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Supply-Side VPP Capacity, Average Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Supply-Side VPP Capacity, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Supply-Side VPP Revenue, Base Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Supply-Side VPP Revenue, Average Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Supply-Side VPP Revenue, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Mixed Asset VPP Capacity, Base Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Mixed Asset VPP Capacity, Average Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Mixed Asset VPP Capacity, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Mixed Asset VPP Revenue, Base Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Mixed Asset VPP Revenue, Average Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Mixed Asset VPP Revenue, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Wholesale Auction VPP Capacity, Base Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Wholesale Auction VPP Capacity, Average Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Wholesale Auction VPP Capacity, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Wholesale Auction VPP Revenue, Base Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Wholesale Auction VPP Revenue, Average Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Wholesale Auction VPP Revenue, Aggressive Scenario, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Global Summary – Renewable Energy Policies & Incentives

Utility cyber security is in a state of near chaos. After years of vendors selling point solutions, utilities investing in compliance minimums rather than full security, and attackers having nearly free rein, the attackers clearly have the upper hand. Many attacks simply cannot be defended. Pike Research has observed a dawning awareness by utilities during the past 18 months of the importance of securing smart grids with architecturally sound solutions. There is hope.

However, cyber security solutions remain challenging to implement, especially as attackers gain awareness of the holes between point solutions. Security vendors have finally found time to focus on industrial control system (ICS) security, not only on advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) security – although a few security vendors have focused on ICS from the outset. The utility cyber security market will be characterized by a frantic race to gain the upper hand against the attackers, while at the same time strong competitors attempt to outdo each other.

This Pike Research white paper assesses seven key trends that will be prominent issues in the utility cyber security market in 2012 and beyond, as the industry deals with increased uncertainty associated with smart grid enhancements in combination with external threats. Analysis in this paper is drawn from the firm’s ongoing smart grid security research coverage, with forecasts, facts, and figures for key market sectors.

What does this report answer?

• What factors could drive smart grid cyber security investment?
• How important could industrial control system (ICS) security be?
• What has changed since Stuxnet was discovered?
• What is the effect of the lack of smart grid cyber security standards?
• What are the most promising smart grid cyber security technologies?

Who needs this report?

• Smart grid security vendors
• Smart grid hardware and software companies
• Systems integrators
• Utilities
• Government agencies
• Industry associations
• Investor community

Table of Contents

1.      Executive Summary

1.1   Seven Trends to Watch in Utility Cyber Security

2.      Seven Utility Cyber Security Trends To Watch

2.1   One Size Doesn’t Fit All: Cyber Security Investments will be Shaped by Regional Deployments

2.2   Industrial Control Systems, not Smart Meters, will be the Primary Cyber Security Focus

2.3   Assume Nothing: “Security by Obscurity” Will No Longer be Acceptable

2.4   Chaos Ahead?: The Lack of Standards Will Likely Hinder Action

2.5   Aging Infrastructure: Older Devices will Continue to Pose Challenges

2.6   System Implementation will be More Important than Component Security

2.7   The Top Five Most Promising Smart Grid Cyber Security Technologies

2.7.1     Multi-Factor Authentication

2.7.2     Control Network Isolation

2.7.3     Application Whitelisting

2.7.4     Data Encryption

2.7.5     Security Event Logging and Correlation

3.      Acronym and Abbreviation List
4.      Additional Reading
5.      Table of Contents
6.      Table of Charts and Figures
7.      Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

• Smart Grid Cyber Security Revenue by Region, World Markets:  2011-2018
• Smart Grid Cyber Security Revenue by Segment, World Markets:  2011-2018
• Cumulative ICS Security Revenue by Region, World Markets:  2011-2018
• Paired-Firewall DMZ with Smartphone Directly Accessing SCADA Device

Solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity was added in more than 100 countries during 2010. The distributed solar PV market is dominated by residential and commercial grid-connected PV systems and is concentrated in regions with favorable financial incentives, such as premium feed-in tariffs (FITs) including Germany, Italy, France, the Czech Republic, Japan, the United States (led by California), and Canada (led by Ontario). Europe will continue to be the largest market for distributed solar PV during this forecast period, but China and India’s growing economies and high percentages of population without access to electricity represent large market opportunities.

Consumer demand for distributed systems is growing as the cost of PV modules has continued its steady descent. Combined with innovative financing and leasing options, third-party and utility ownership models, and highly-effective feed-in tariff programs, solar PV is expanding faster than most expected. Today’s solar PV market is all about cost, which is good for consumers and installers, but brutal for manufacturers. Costs are expected to continue their rapid decline as Chinese crystalline silicon manufacturers gain market share and thin-film increases in efficiency. Pike Research forecasts almost $600 billion in revenues throughout the distributed solar PV value chain during the period between 2011 and 2015.

This Pike Research report analyzes the current status of, along with the future outlook for, the global market for distributed solar photovoltaics. The study includes an assessment of global trends, cost analysis, installation and pricing forecasts, market sizing, and an examination of the competitive landscape of solar PV manufacturers.

Key Questions Addressed:

Who needs this report?

• Solar PV module and component manufacturers
• Solar PV industry service providers
• Renewable energy technology suppliers
• Renewable energy project developers
• Utilities
• Economic development agencies
• Government agencies & regulators
• Investor community

Table of Contents

1.      Executive Summary

1.1  A Brief History

1.2  Big Growth in Small Markets

1.3  RDEG Market Growth: 2009-2015

1.4  The Three Primary Growth Drivers for Solar PV

1.5  The Solar PV Industry

1.6  Emerging Trends in Solar PV

2.      Market Issues

2.1  Defining the Market

2.2  What Is Distributed Solar Generation?

2.3  Solar Power Systems

2.4  The Status of the Solar PV Market & Key Trends

2.4.1    Distributed Solar Gains Public & Political Traction vs. Centralized Solar

2.4.2    Austerity Measures Shift Incentives toward Smaller Distributed Systems

2.4.3    Distributed Generation Can Still Mean Thinking Big

2.4.4    Can Distributed Solar PV Continue its Price Declines and still be Profitable?

2.5  Industry Growth Drivers

2.5.1    Global Renewable Energy Generation Trends

2.5.2    Legislative and Regulatory Mandates

2.5.3    Financial Incentives and Public Policies

2.5.3.1    Feed-in Tariffs

2.5.3.2    Grants

2.5.3.3    Interconnection and Permitting Standards

2.5.3.4    Loan Programs

2.5.3.5    Net Metering Policies

2.5.3.6    Property Tax Incentives

2.5.3.7    Public Benefit Funds

2.5.3.8    Rebate Programs

2.5.3.9    Renewable Portfolio Standards

2.5.3.10  Sales Tax Incentives

2.5.3.11  Renewable Energy Certificates

2.5.4    Asset Ownership

2.5.5    Improvements to Existing Technologies

2.5.5.1    Photovoltaic Technology Innovations

2.5.6    Emergence of New Technologies

2.5.7    Microgrids

2.5.8    Other Drivers

2.5.8.1    Push for Energy Independence and Energy Security

2.5.8.2    Benefits of Green Marketing

2.5.8.3    World Demand and Pricing of Fossil Fuels

2.6  Implementation Issues

2.6.1    Grid Interconnection

2.6.2    Grid Integrity and Safety

2.6.3    Standards and Permitting

3.      Technology Issues

3.1  Photovoltaic Systems

3.1.1    History

3.1.2    Basic Principles

3.1.2.1    PV Cell Types

3.1.2.2    Crystalline

3.1.2.3    Thin-Film

3.1.3    Strengths and Weaknesses

3.1.4    Costs

3.1.4.1    Module Costs

3.1.4.2    Economies of Scale

3.1.4.3    Installed Costs

3.1.4.4    Low-Cost Polysilicon

3.1.5    Efficiency

3.1.6    Reliability

3.1.7    Scalability

3.1.8    Availability

3.2  Grid-Tied vs. Off-Grid Installations

3.3  Distributed Solar PV Applications

3.3.1    Residential

3.3.2    Commercial/Retail

3.3.3    Government and Institutions

3.3.4    Farms

3.3.5    Telecom Primary and Backup Power

3.3.6    Marine, Remote Monitoring, and Security

3.3.7    Hybrid Systems

3.3.8    Community Projects

3.3.8.1    Solar Gardens and Solar Farms

4.      Demand Drivers

4.1  Developed Nations vs. Developing Nations

4.2  North America

4.2.1    United States

4.2.1.1    Federal Level

4.2.1.2    State Level

4.2.2    Canada

4.2.3    Mexico

4.3  Europe

4.3.1    Germany

4.3.2    Spain

4.3.3    Italy

4.3.4    United Kingdom

4.3.5    France

4.3.6    European Union

4.3.7    Rest of Europe

4.4  Asia Pacific

4.4.1    China

4.4.2    Japan

4.4.3    South Korea

4.4.4    Australia

4.4.5    India

4.5  Rest of World

4.5.1    Africa

4.5.2    Middle East

4.6  Conventional Energy Sources

4.6.1    Fuel Supply and Demand

4.7  Electricity Rates

4.8  Cost/kWh: Solar PV vs. Conventional Sources

4.9  Permitting and Siting Centralized Plants

5.      Market Forecasts

5.1  Distributed Photovoltaic Systems

5.1.1    Americas

5.1.1.1    United States

5.1.1.1.1.  California

5.1.2    Canada

5.1.3    Europe

5.1.3.1    Established Markets

5.1.3.2    Emerging Markets

5.1.4    Asia Pacific

5.1.5    Rest of World

6.      Competitive Landscape

6.1  Solar PV Module/Cell Manufacturers

6.2  Chinese & Taiwanese Manufacturers

6.3  Japanese Manufacturers

6.4  American Manufacturers

6.5  European Manufacturers

7.      Company Directory
8.      Acronym and Abbreviation List
9.      Table of Contents
10.    Table of Charts and Figures
11.     Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

• PV Installation Costs, World Markets Price Index: 2009-2015
• Distributed PV Annual Capacity Additions, Americas: 2009-2015
• Distributed PV Annual Capacity Additions, Europe: 2009-2015
• Distributed PV Annual Capacity Additions, Asia Pacific:  2009-2015
• Top Solar PV Markets (Distributed and Non-Distributed, GW), World Market: 2010
• Cumulative Grid-Connected Solar PV Installations, Top 10 U.S. States: 2007-2010
• Comparing Current Status of Distributed Solar PV and Centralized Solar Projects in California
• Cost Comparison of Residential Solar PV Installation Costs, United States and Germany ($/Peak W):  2010
• Forecasted Energy Use by Fuel Type: 1990-2035
• EIA Forecasts of Net Electricity Generation Fuels: 2007-2035
• Cumulative Installed Capacity by Region and Technology: 2009
• Renewable Energy Share of Global Electricity Production: 2010
• Photovoltaic Cells
• Commercial Rooftop Solar PV System Prices, Various Technologies, U.S. Markets: 2010
• Annual Installed Grid-Connected PV Capacity by Sector, U.S. Markets: 2001-2010
• Representative Global Deployments of Telecom Backup Power by Technology
• Renewable Portfolio Standards by State
• Renewable Distributed Energy Generation Carve-Outs by State
• Third-Party Solar Purchase Power Agreements
• Average Household Electricity Rates, Select Countries: 2009
• Average Industrial Electricity Rates, Select Countries: 2009
• Comparative Cost of New Generation by Source: 2008
• Market Shares of Top 15 Solar PV Cell Manufacturers: 2010
• Top 15 Solar PV Cell Manufacturers, by Technology: 2010

List of Tables

• Distributed Energy Generation Technology Comparison
• PV Strengths and Weaknesses
• Renewable Energy Policies and Incentives Summary, World Markets
• Estimated Annual Growth of Distributed PV Capacity, World Markets: 2010-2015
• Distributed PV Global Annual Installed Capacity, World Markets: 2009-2015
• Distributed System Installed Price, World Markets: 2009-2015
• Estimated Distributed PV Installed System Revenue, World Markets: 2009-2015

Short-term power markets are a relatively new structure in North America. First implemented in the late 1990s, power market structures have evolved into complex structures. Power markets are now in place in ten locations across North America, covering more than 30 states and provinces and 120 million people. When power markets were first implemented, participation was limited to utilities and their trading arms. Since then, financial institutions have entered the markets, followed by end use customers and demand response aggregators.

The power markets have been marked with periods of extreme price volatility and periods of fundamental pricing. Since the economic downturn of 2008, financial institutions have reduced their participation in the markets, to be replaced by end use customers and demand response aggregators. With recent economic concerns and continued development of new generation, demand is not expected to exceed new supply. This condition leads to lower volatility and fundamental pricing of power in the market. The power markets are forecast to remain stable with respect to both price and volatility for the next five years, despite the introduction of more renewable energy onto the grid. Pike Research anticipates that market participation will grow significantly, with trading services forecast to grow from $283 million in 2011 to as much as $333 million in 2016 under an economic recovery scenario.

This Pike Research report examines the market dynamics and opportunities associated with short-term energy trading and ancillary services in North America. The study includes an assessment of the ISO/RTO structures and the trading services that they enable. Profiles of key market participants are also included, along with forecasts for growth of the trading services market under three economic scenarios.

Key Questions Addressed:

• What are the major power markets in North America?
• Which trading services support the power markets?
• What form will power markets take in the next five years?
• What value do trading services provide to the markets?
• Who are the key market participants in short-term power markets?

Who needs this report?

• Utilities
• Software and service providers
• Government agencies
• Financial institutions
• Large energy customers

Table of Contents

1.      Executive Summary

1.1  Overview

1.2  Services

1.3  Players

1.4  Forecast

2.      Power Market Structure and Drivers

2.1  Introduction to Electrical Markets

2.2  Regulatory Overview

2.2.1    United States

2.2.2    Canada

2.3  Independent System Operators and Regional Transmission Operators

2.3.1    California Independent System Operator (CAISO)

2.3.2    Electric Reliability Council of Texas (ERCOT)

2.3.3    Midwest Independent System Operator (MISO)

2.3.4    Southwest Power Pool (SPP)

2.3.5    New York Independent System Operator (NYISO)

2.3.6    PJM Interconnection

2.3.7    Independent System Operator of New England (ISO-NE)

2.3.8    Alberta Electric System Operator (AESO)

2.3.9    Independent Electricity System Operator (IESO)

2.3.10  New Brunswick System Operator (NBSO)

2.4  Market Products

2.5  Market Structure

2.5.1    Forward Markets

2.5.2    Day-Ahead Markets

2.5.3    Real-Time Markets

2.5.4    Business Models

2.5.5    Zonal vs. Nodal Markets

3.      Market Issues

3.1  Price Drivers in Short-Term Power Markets

3.1.1    Regulatory Policy

3.1.2    Natural Gas Pricing

3.1.3    Weather Conditions

3.1.4    Outages

3.1.5    Regional Infrastructure Composition

3.1.6    Demand and Demand Response

4.      Key Industry Players

4.1  Key Industry Players

4.1.1    Traders

4.1.1.1    Physical Traders

4.1.1.2    Financial Traders

4.1.1.3    Demand-Side Supply Traders

4.2  Trading Services

4.3  Trading Platforms

4.3.1    OpenLink

4.3.2    SunGard

4.3.3    Triple Point

4.4  EDM, Forecasting, and Grid Management

4.4.1    Earth Networks

4.4.2    Ventyx

4.4.3    Viridity Energy

4.4.4    ZE PowerGroup

5.      Market Forecasts

5.1  Forecast Introduction

5.2  Regulatory Outlook

5.3  Forecast Scenarios

5.3.1    Scenario I: Economic Recession

5.3.2    Scenario II: Slow Growth Scenario

5.3.3    Scenario III: Economic Recovery

5.4  Trading Services

6.      Company Directory
7.      Acronym and Abbreviation List
8.      Table of Contents
9.      Table of Charts and Figures
10.    Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

• Trading Services Market Value, All Scenarios, North America: 2011-2016
• ISO/RTO Market Participants, North America: 2000-2011
• Trading Services Market Value, All Scenarios, North America: 2011-2016
• ISO/RTOs Across North America
• Composition of Generation in CAISO
• Map of CAISO Territory
• Generation Composition in ERCOT
• Map of ERCOT Territory
• Composition of Generation in MISO
• Map of MISO Territory
• Composition of Generation in SPP
• Map of SPP Territory
• Composition of Generation in NYISO
• Map of NYISO Territory
• Composition of Generation in PJM
• Map of PJM Territory
• Composition of Generation in ISO-NE
• Map of ISO-NE Territory
• Composition of Generation in AESO
• Composition of Generation in IESO
• Map of NBSO Territory
• Clearing Price Example
• Congestion Models
• Composition of New Generation in the United States
• Natural Gas and Power Prices in ERCOT: 2006-2009
• Variance of Solar Output During Intermittent Cloud Cover
• Turbine Output and Wind Variability
• Time of Use Pricing for BGE Demand Response

List of Tables

• Evolution of U.S. Transmission Policy
• CAISO Overview: 2011
• ERCOT Overview: 2010
• MISO Overview: 2010
• SPP Overview: 2010
• NYISO Overview: 2010
• PJM Overview: 2010
• ISO-NE Overview: 2010
• AESO Overview: 2010
• IESO Overview: 2010
• NBSO Overview: 2010
• Typical Ancillary Services
• ISO/RTO Market Structures and Products, North America
• ISO/RTO Market Participants: 2000-2011
• Trading Services Market Value, All Scenarios, North America: 2011-2016

The North American wind energy industry is lagging in key areas compared to Europe and Asia, but many key industry players are optimistic about the North American market as turbine costs continue to drop dramatically. In 2010, a total of 5,784 MW of wind capacity was installed in North America. The region currently accounts for more than 22% of the world’s total installed wind capacity and is home to the second largest wind market – the United States. As a region, North America fell to third place in cumulative installations in 2009 behind Asia Pacific and Europe. Pike Research expects installations in the region to reach 125 GW by 2017, with offshore installations accounting for fewer than 3% of that total. Pike Research anticipates that 2011 will be another difficult year for the industry in North America, however, we do see tentative signs of recovery.

Pike Research’s analysis indicates that wind energy installation costs in the United States will total more than $125 billion between 2011 and 2017, capturing 15% of the global market during that period. Canada will reach 15 GW of total wind capacity by 217, with more than 400 MW of that amount derived from offshore installations. In Canada, installation costs will total $19.3 billion between 2011 and 2017. In the midst of this market transition, turbine manufacturer market shares are fluid, as well. In 2010, Chinese wind turbine manufacturer Sinovel overtook GE Wind Energy to become the second largest wind turbine supplier worldwide, and came in at less than 1% (350 MW) behind industry leader Vestas.

This Pike Research report provides an in-depth analysis of North American opportunities in the onshore and offshore wind power markets, as well as an examination of key challenges facing the industry. It examines technology innovations that will influence the future direction of the market, and also features detailed profiles of key industry players, including a competitive regional analysis of the major wind energy markets across their respective technology, policy, and capital environments. Market forecasts extend through 2017 and include projections for installed capacity, installation costs, and offshore production revenue, all segmented by onshore, offshore, region, and country.

Key Questions Addressed:

• What is the outlook for onshore and offshore wind installations in North America over the next six years – and what are the key market drivers?
• How did the global financial crisis and recession affect the North American wind energy market relative to other regions?
• How do the technology, policy, and capital environments compare across North America, Asia Pacific, and Europe?
• How will the Chinese turbine manufacturers’ international expansion affect the North American market for wind turbines?
• Has wind energy reached grid parity?
• How much does it cost to install wind turbines in Canada and the United States?
• Who are the leaders in the push to larger wind turbines and where are they being deployed?
• What key barriers and opportunities will shape the North American wind energy market?
• How much capital will be invested in North American wind installations by 2017?

Who needs this report?

• Wind turbine and component manufacturers
• Wind industry service providers
• Economic development agencies
• Business schools
• Think-tanks, non-profits, and industry associations
• Government agencies and regulators
• Investor community

Table of Contents

1.      Executive Summary

1.1  North America Wind Energy Market Outlook

1.2  Wind Power Market Forecasts

1.3  Key Trends and Profiles of Wind Turbine Manufacturers and System Designers

2.      Market Issues

2.1  Defining the Market & Macro Trends

2.2  Wind Power Growth during the Financial Crisis and Recession

2.2.1    North America

2.3  Wind Power in the Context of All Electricity Sources

2.4  Offshore Wind

2.4.1    Better Power Production Capacity Factors

2.5  Industry Growth Drivers

2.5.1    Comparing Technological Innovation:  Europe Leads, North America Gains, China Joins the Race

2.5.1.1    Technological Innovation: Europe (+++)

2.5.1.2    Technological Innovation: North America (++)

2.5.1.3    Technological Innovation: Asia Pacific (+)

2.5.2    Comparing Policy Environments: China Sets Ambitious Path, Europe Adjusts, but Stays on Target, United States Scrambles as States Lead

2.5.2.1    Policy Environment: Asia Pacific (+++)

2.5.2.2    Policy Environment: Europe (++)

2.5.2.3    Policy Environment: North America (+)

2.5.3    Comparing Capital Environments: China Unfazed, Europe Slows, United States Falters

2.5.3.1    Capital Environment: Asia Pacific (+++)

2.5.3.2    Capital Environment: Europe (++)

2.5.3.3    Capital Environment: North America (+)

2.6  Increasing Demand for Energy over the Long Term

2.7  Cost of Conventional Energy Source Trends

2.7.1    North America

2.8  Carbon Emissions Reduction

2.9  Renewable Energy Targets

2.9.1    United States

2.9.2    Canada

2.10  Incentives and Subsidies

2.10.1  United States

2.10.2  Canada

2.11  Job Creation

2.12  Implementation Issues

2.12.1  Grid Integration

2.12.2  United States

2.12.3  Canada

2.12.4  High-Voltage Direct Current

2.13  Overcoming Intermittency and Institutional Barriers

2.14  Land Use Impacts

2.14.1  Less Land Use Impact than Solar

2.15  Permitting Delays

2.16  Is Wind Power Cost Competitive with Fossil Fuels?

2.16.1  Net Installation Cost of Onshore Wind Power

2.16.2  Turbine Costs

2.16.3  Balance of System Costs

2.16.4  Operations and Maintenance Costs

2.16.5  Refurbishment Costs

2.16.6  Net Cost of Offshore Wind Power

2.16.7  Financing

3.      Technology Issues

3.1  Wind Turbine Basics

3.1.1    Towers

3.1.2    Nacelles and Interior Components

3.1.3    Gearboxes and Generators

3.1.4    Rotors – Blades and Hub

3.1.5       Wind Turbine Raw Materials

3.1.5.1    Rare Earth Metals

3.1.6    Types

3.1.6.1    Horizontal versus Vertical Axis

3.1.6.2    Upwind versus Downwind

3.1.6.3    Three Blades versus Two Blades

3.2  Efficiency

3.3  Reliability

3.4  Scalability

3.5  Availability

3.6  Technology Trends

3.6.1    Technology Trend:  Innovation in Component Design & Reliability

3.6.2    Technology Trend:  Direct Drive Gaining versus Traditional Geared Turbine

3.6.3    Technology Trend:  Self-Erecting Towers & On-Site Manufacturing

3.6.4    Technology Trend:  Increasing Turbine Capacities to Increase Economies of Scale

3.6.5    Technology Trend:  Wind Energy Storage

3.6.6    Technology Trend:  Wind Forecasting Improvements

4.      Key Industry Trends and Company Profiles

4.1  Trends among Turbine Manufacturers, Component Suppliers, and Design Service Providers

4.1.1    Companies’ Global Footprint Cushions Regional Economic Troubles

4.1.2    Chinese Turbine Manufacturers Leap Ahead and Abroad Amid Criticism

4.1.3    Consolidation Leads to More Vertically Integrated Companies

4.2  Key Profiles

4.2.1    Wind Turbine Manufacturers and System Designers

4.2.1.1    ACCIONA Energia

4.2.1.2    Enercon Services Inc.

4.2.1.3    Gamesa

4.2.1.4    GE Wind Energy

4.2.1.5    Mitsubishi Heavy Industries

4.2.1.6    Nordex

4.2.1.7    Suzlon Energy

4.2.1.8    REpower Systems SE

4.2.1.9    Siemens AG

4.2.1.10  Vestas

4.2.1.11  Sinovel Wind Group

4.2.1.12  Goldwind Science & Technology Co. Ltd

4.2.1.13  Dongfang Electric Corporation Limited

4.2.1.14  American Superconductor

4.2.1.15  Clipper Windpower

4.2.1.16  Nordic Windpower

4.2.2    Turbine Component Manufacturers

4.2.2.1    Bosch Rexroth

4.2.2.2    LM Wind Power

5.      Market Forecasts

5.1  Global Renewable Energy Generation Trends

5.2  Wind Energy Market Forecasts

5.2.1    North American Market Forecast

5.3  Country Forecasts

5.3.1.1    United States

5.3.1.2    Canada

6.      Company Directory
7.      Acronym and Abbreviation List
8.      Table of Contents
9.      Table of Charts and Figures
10.    Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

• Cumulative Wind Power Generation Capacity by Region, World Markets: 2008-2017
• Annual Wind Power Capacity Additions by Region, World Markets: 2008A-2010A
• Cumulative Installed Wind Capacity by Country, North America:  2008-2017
• New Additions of All Wind Capacity by Country, North America: 2009-2017
• Total Onshore and Offshore Wind Installation Costs, North America: 2011-2017
• Offshore Wind Power Production Revenues by Country, North America: 2011-2017
• Cumulative Wind Power Generation Capacity by Sector, United States: 2008-2017
• Cumulative Wind Power Generation Capacity by Sector, Canada: 2008-2017
• Global Wind Turbine Market by Manufacturer: 2008-2010
• Wind Energy Market Definition
• Cumulative Installed Wind Power Capacity, United States: 2010
• Cumulative Installed Wind Power Capacity, Canada: 2Q 2011
• U.S. Annual Power Capacity Additions by Percentage
• North American Offshore Wind Project Activity: July 2011
• World Net Electricity Generation by Fuel: 2007-2035
• Renewable Portfolio Standards, Goals, United States: 2011
• Summary of Key Policies and Incentives in the United States and Canada
• Current Online Wind-Related Manufacturing Facilities in the United States
• Existing, Committed, and Potential Interconnection Lines between Jurisdictions
• Existing and Planned Wind Farms, Canada: 2010-2017
• Comparisons of Line Losses between AC and DC Transmission Cables
• Land Conversion from Agriculture, Wind vs. Concentrated Solar Energy
• Energy Projects Currently Being “Stalled, Stopped, or Killed”
• Comparing the Price of Wind and Natural Gas, United States: 2003-2009
• NREL Ranking of Overnight Capital Costs for Power Plants
• Cost Elements of Capital Investment in New Wind Projects: Europe
• Comparisons of Operations and Maintenance Costs per MWh of Generation: 2006
• Types of Repairs for Onshore Wind Turbines (2.5 kW to 1.5 MW): 2008
• Cost of Wind Turbine Components: 2009
• Prospective Impact of Innovations in Onshore Wind Turbines on Cost/kWh
• Diagram of a Typical Nacelle
• Evolution of Wind Technology Prototype Designs in the United States
• Cost Rationale for Offshore Wind
• Global Annual Wind Turbine Market Share by Manufacturer: 2008-2010
• Forecasted Energy Use by Fuel Type: 1990-2035
• EIA Forecasts of Net Electricity Generation Fuels: 2007-2035
• Cumulative Installed Capacity by Region and Technology: 2009

List of Tables

• Comparing Technology, Policy, and Capital Environments
• Offshore Wind SWOT Analysis
• Comparing Technology, Policy, and Capital Environments
• Wind as a Percentage of Electricity Generation, Top Countries
• Cumulative Installed Wind Capacity by Country, North America:  2008-2017
• New Additions of Onshore Wind Capacity by Country, North America: 2009-2017
• Cumulative Offshore Wind Installed Capacity by State and Country, North America: 2008-2017
• New Additions of Offshore Wind Capacity by State and Country, North America: 2009-2017
• Growth in Cumulative Installed Wind Capacity by Country, North America: 2008-2017
• New Additions of All Wind Capacity by Country, North America: 2009-2017
• Estimated Onshore Wind Energy Production by Country, North America: 2008-2017
• Offshore Wind Power Production Revenues by State and Country, North America: 2011-2017
• Average Onshore Wind Turbine Price per Kilowatt by Country, North America: 2008-2017
• Annual Onshore Wind Turbine Investments by Country, North America: 2009-2017
• Annual Onshore and Offshore Wind Installation Costs by Country, North America: 2010-2017
• Annual Onshore Wind Installation Costs by Country, North America: 2010-2017
• Annual Offshore Wind Installation Costs by State and Country, North America: 2010-2017
• Global Annual Wind Turbine Market Share by Manufacturer: 2008-2010
• 12 Largest Wind Farms in Operation Today
• Top 15 Largest Wind Turbines, Commercially Available or Under Research and Development: 2011
• Major Wind Turbine Company Merger & Acquisition Activity: 2009-2011

Social media has penetrated many utility companies in the past few years, bringing a new level of customer engagement through Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and company blogs. However, since not all utilities have embraced social media in the same fashion, the landscape is somewhat chaotic. Some utility managers remain fearful of the potential risk involved as the business connects with customers in open dialogues where control of the message is in doubt. Despite these concerns, empowered customers are not about to give up on social media, and utilities will need to incorporate these tools as part of their broader customer engagement programs.

Pike Research believes that smart utilities will seize the opportunity to increase customer satisfaction when these social engagements arise by properly staffing listening channels and preparing valuable content to be shared. Utilities who have successfully embraced social media are finding that best practices also include knowing their customers’ social media preferences or profiles, defining clear objectives for social media engagement programs, selecting and deploying the appropriate technologies for their individual strategies, and integrating social media with existing communication channels. Pike Research estimates that approximately 57 million customers worldwide will use social media to engage utilities in 2011, and the firm expects that number to rise to 624 million customers by the end of 2017.

This Pike Research report highlights the key drivers and barriers that are defining the development of social media in the utility industry and offers case studies from utility companies that have found success in social channels. The report also offers strategies and best practices for utilities seeking to avoid mistakes and minimize their risks. Company profiles are provided for key industry players and market forecasts are included through 2017 for utility spending on social media tools as well as the number of customers using social media to engage with utilities.

Key Questions Addressed:

• What are best practices a utility should use when embracing social media?
• How many customers are expected to use social media to engage their utilities over the next five years?
• How much will utilities spend on social media over the next five years?
• Who are the key players in the social media ecosystem that utilities need to understand?
• What lessons can be learned from case studies of utilities that have used social channels?

Who needs this report?

• Utility managers
• Marketers
• Corporate communicators
• Social media experts
• Public relations professionals

Table of Contents

1.     Executive Summary

1.1  Social Media Penetrates Utilities, Bringing Engagement and Fears

1.1.1    Key Drivers

1.1.2    Key Inhibitors

1.1.3    Takeaways

1.1.4    Best Practices

1.2  Forecast

2.     Market Issues

2.1  Introduction

2.1.1    Definitions and Categories

2.1.2    Categories

2.2  The Business Case for Social Media Deployment

2.2.1    The Dynamic Social Media Constellation

2.3  What Brought Us to This?

2.4  Why Social Media?

2.4.1    Drivers of Social Media Adoption

2.4.2    Inhibitors of Social Media Use by Utilities

2.5  Market Reality 2011

2.5.1    Demand for Integrating Social Tools with Electricity Management Programs

2.6  How Social Media Can Help with Customer Satisfaction and PR

2.7  Deployment Considerations of Social Media

2.8  Costs Involved with Social Media

2.9  ROI – Is There One, and How Does It Get Measured?

2.9.1    Debating Social Media’s Value

2.9.2    Economics Remain Elusive

2.10  Hidden Audiences – It’s Not Just “Customers” Following You

2.10.1  Public Utility Commission

2.10.2  News Media

2.11   Social Media Use by Non-U.S. Utilities

2.12   The Mobile-Social Audience

3.     Technology Issues

3.1  Introduction

3.1.1    Training Staff in Social Media

3.1.2    Providing the Needed Equipment

3.2  The Major Social Platforms

3.2.1    The Big Four Social Networks

3.3  Listening Tools

3.3.1    Radian6

3.3.2    Jive Software

3.3.3    HootSuite

3.3.4    Lithium

3.3.5    Visible Measures

3.3.6    Viralheat

3.3.7    PeopleBrowsr

3.4  Deploying an App

3.5  Social Business Index

4.     Case Studies

4.1  Introduction to Case Studies

4.2  Duke Energy

4.3  Avista

4.4  Southern California Edison

4.5  Pepco

4.6  Puget Sound Energy

4.7  Pacific Gas & Electric

4.8  Salt River Project

4.9  Ameren

4.10 Green Mountain Power

4.11 Sacramento Municipal Utility District

4.12 Public Service Company of New Hampshire

4.13 Dominion

4.14 Social Engagement by the Numbers, United States

5.     Strategies and Best Practices

5.1  Introduction

5.2  Strategy: Asking Key Questions

5.2.1    Take Time to Listen and Understand

5.2.2    Answer These Strategic Questions

5.3  Best Practices

5.3.1    Embrace Social Media

5.3.2    Know Your Customers’ Social Media Preferences or Profiles

5.3.3    Finalize Your Social Media Objectives

5.3.4    Establish a Strategy for Your Social Media Efforts

5.3.5    Select and Deploy the Appropriate Technologies

5.3.6    Integrate Social Media with Existing Channels

5.3.7    Commit to Using Social Media for the Long Term

5.3.8    Measure Social Media Customer Engagements

5.3.9    Stay Flexible and Creative

6.     Key Industry Players

6.1  Introduction

6.2  Consumers

6.3  Social Networks

6.3.1    Facebook

6.3.2    Twitter

6.3.3    YouTube/Google+

6.3.4    LinkedIn

6.4  Utility Companies

6.4.1    Avista

6.4.2    Pepco

6.4.3    Duke Energy

6.4.4    Dominion

6.4.5    Pacific Gas & Electric

6.4.6    Salt River Project

6.4.7    Southern California Edison

6.4.8    Public Service of New Hampshire

6.4.9    Ameren

6.5  Regulators

7.     Market Forecasts

7.1  Introduction

7.2  North America Leads in Number of Utilities

7.3  Social Media Deployments Will Grow Steadily

7.4  Spending on Social Media

7.5  Number of Social Media Users Will Grow, but Penetration Will Remain Weak

7.6  Future of Social and Utilities

8.     Company Directory
9.     Acronym and Abbreviation List
10.   Table of Contents
11.   Table of Charts and Figures
12.   Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

• Customers Using Social Media to Engage Utilities by Region, World Markets: 2010-2017
• Social Networking Site Use (“ever”), United States: 2005-2011
• Social Networking Site Use (“yesterday”), United States: 2005-2011
• The Dynamic Social Media Constellation
• Screenshot of Endesa’s twenergy Social Website
• Screenshot of Radian6 Console
• Screenshot of Jive Engage Platform
• Screenshot of HootSuite Dashboard
• Screenshot of PG&E’s Ranking on Social Business Index
• Screenshot of Duke Energy’s Social Media Connections
• Screenshot of Twitter Engagement Between a Customer and Avista
• Screenshot of Southern California Edison’s Carl and Eddy YouTube Video
• Screenshot of Pepco’s Twitter Response in Anticipation of Hurricane Irene
• Screenshot of PSE’s Video Clips on Vimeo
• Screenshot of PG&E’s Facebook Page after San Bruno Explosion: 2010
• Screenshot of Salt River Project’s Sweepstakes Landing Page on Facebook
• Screenshot of Ameren’s YouTube Video Highlighting New Energy Options
• Screenshots of Green Mountain Power’s iOS Mobile Application
• Screenshot of Sacramento Municipal Utility District’s Facebook Page
• Screenshot of PSNH’s Twitter Page
• Screenshot of Dominion VA Power’s Twitter Page in Aftermath of Hurricane Irene

List of Tables

• Use of Social Networking Sites, United States: 2005-2011
• Number of Followers and Likes for Selected Utilities, United States: 2011
• Strategic Question Checklist for Utilities Using Social Media
• Best Practices for Utilities Using Social Media Tools
• Number of Electric Utilities by Region, World Markets: 2011
• Electric Utilities Deploying Social Media Tools by Region, World Markets: 2010-2017
• Spending by Utilities on Social Media by Region, World Markets: 2010-2017
• Customers Using Social Media to Engage Utilities by Region, World Markets: 2010-2017

Energy storage technologies hold tremendous potential to help stabilize, regulate, and balance the flow of electricity through the power grid. While long-duration energy storage systems (ESS) for renewables integration and peak load shifting have been a topic of much discussion within the industry, a variety of short-duration applications for energy storage are also a critical factor in the development of the sector. Such short-duration energy storage systems may be utilized for ancillary services including frequency regulation, spinning reserves, voltage control, and load following, among others. Key technologies for these ancillary services include flywheels, pumped hydro, compressed air energy storage (CAES), and battery technologies such as lithium ion, sodium sulfur (NaS), and advanced lead acid batteries.

In the initial period of adoption, the ESS for ancillary services market will be limited to regions with suitable market structures, primarily deregulated electricity markets. The key regions will be North America, Europe, and Asia Pacific, particularly for frequency regulation, load following, spinning reserves, and short-duration renewables integration. Pike Research forecasts that global revenues for ESS for ancillary services will surpass $3.2 billion by 2021.

This Pike Research report provides an in-depth examination of the market potential for energy storage systems for ancillary services including an analysis of legislation, financing, and market structures that will shape the sector as it develops in the coming decade. The study includes an assessment of technology issues, key application areas, and profiles and SWOT analysis of the principal market players in each segment. Global market forecasts, segmented by world region and technology, are provided through 2021.

Key Questions Addressed:

• How is the energy storage market segmented between long-duration and short-duration applications?
• What are ancillary services, and which energy storage technologies can participate in this market?
• What are the technical and performance requirements for key ancillary services applications?
• What are the business models being used for ESS for ancillary services?
• How large is the market, in terms of megawatts and revenue, by application and region?
• Who are the key market players and what are their relative strengths and weaknesses?
• What are the key countries for ESS for ancillary services going forward and what are the key drivers, barriers, and opportunities for energy storage in those markets?
• What are the estimated installed energy storage costs and revenue opportunities for energy storage technology providers?

Who needs this report?

• Energy storage technology vendors
• Battery manufacturers and component providers
• Renewable energy technology providers and project developers
• Utilities
• Government agencies
• Industry associations
• Investor community

Table of Contents

1.     Executive Summary

1.1   Introduction

1.2   Barriers and Drivers for ESS for Ancillary Services

1.3   Changes in the Ancillary Services Market Since 2010

1.4   Ancillary Services Technologies

1.5   Ancillary Services Market Forecast

1.5.1     Why the Numbers Are Different

1.5.2     Ancillary Services Forecasts

2.     Market Issues

2.1   Defining the ESS Market

2.2   What Are Ancillary Services?

2.2.1     Applications within Ancillary Services

2.2.2     Drivers and Barriers for Ancillary Services

2.2.3     Pike Research’s Market Analysis of Ancillary Services

2.2.4     Energy Storage and Ancillary Services: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Applications

2.3   Business Models for ESS

3.     Markets by Region

3.1   Broad Regional Comparison

3.2   North America

3.2.1     Canada

3.2.2     United States

3.2.2.1     State Renewable Portfolio Standards

3.2.2.2     Federal Funding for Energy Storage

3.2.2.3     ISO Market Dynamics

3.2.2.3.1.    FERC Order Update

3.2.2.4     State of California Initiatives

3.2.3     Summary

3.3   Europe

3.3.1     Technical Requirements

3.3.2     Pricing, Existing Storage

3.3.3     Market Structures

3.3.4     Peaks

3.3.5     Renewables

3.3.5.1     Renewables Penetration

3.3.5.2     EU 20/20/20

3.3.6     Central Europe

3.3.7     Summary

3.4   Asia Pacific

3.4.1     Japan

3.4.2     Korea

3.4.3     India

3.4.4     China

3.4.5     Summary

3.5   Middle East

3.5.1     Israel

3.6   Latin America

4.     Technology Issues

4.1   Flywheels

4.1.1     Basic Principles

4.1.2     Strengths and Weaknesses

4.1.3     Issues Related to Cost

4.2   Lead-Acid Batteries

4.2.1     Basic Principles

4.3   Advanced Lead-Acid Batteries

4.4   Compressed Air Energy Storage

4.4.1     Overview

4.4.2     Applications

4.4.3     Issues Related to Cost

4.5   Pumped Storage

4.5.1     Overview

4.5.2     Applications

4.5.3     Issues Related to Cost

4.6   Sodium-Sulfur Batteries

4.6.1     Overview

4.6.2     Applications

4.6.3     Issues Related To Cost

4.7   Lithium Ion Batteries

4.7.1     Overview

4.7.2     Leading Chemistries

4.7.3     Summary of Developments

4.7.4     Efficiency and Capacity

4.7.5     Issues Related to Cost

4.8   Hydrogen

4.8.1     Overview

4.8.2     Applications

4.9   Other Advanced Batteries

4.9.1     Sodium Metal Halide

4.9.2     Metal Air Batteries

4.10 ESS for Ancillary Services Technology Comparison

4.11 ESS for Ancillary Services Costs

5.     Key Industry Players

5.1   Flywheels

5.1.1     Beacon Power

5.1.2     Amber Kinetics

5.1.3     Vycon

5.1.4     Active Power

5.2   Advanced Lead-Acid Batteries

5.2.1     GS Battery

5.2.2     East Penn Manufacturing

5.2.3     Panasonic

5.2.4     Xtreme Power

5.3   Lithium Ion

5.3.1     A123 Systems

5.3.2     Altair Nanotechnologies

5.3.3     Electrovaya

5.3.4     International Battery

5.3.5     Saft Batteries

5.4   NaS Batteries

5.4.1     NGK Insulators

5.5   Compressed Air Energy Storage

5.5.1     Bright Energy Storage Technologies

5.5.2     SustainX

5.6   Hydrogen

5.6.1     Hydrogenics

5.7   Pumped Storage

5.7.1     Black & Veatch

5.7.2     HDR

5.7.3     MWH Global

5.8   Energy Storage Value-Add Players

5.8.1     ABB

5.8.2     AES Energy Storage

5.8.3     NYSERDA

5.8.4     Rubenius

5.8.5     S&C Electric Company

6.     Market Forecasts

6.1   Changes Since the 2010 Forecasts

6.2   Forecasts by Ancillary Services Technology

6.3   Forecast by Application

6.4   Forecasts by Region

7.     Company Directory
8.     Acronym and Abbreviation List
9.     Table of Contents
10.   Table of Charts and Figures
11.   Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

• Installed Revenue by ESS for Ancillary Services by Technology, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Electricity Production by Fuel Type, Canada: 2008
• Share of Renewable Energy in Gross Final Energy Consumption: 2006-2020
• Electricity Production by Fuel Type, Japan: 2008
• Electricity Production by Fuel Type, Korea: 2008
• Electricity Production by Fuel Type, India: 2008
• Electricity Production by Fuel Type, Middle East: 2008
• Electricity Production by Fuel Type, Latin America: 2008
• Estimated Cost-Down for ESS for Ancillary Services Installations: 2011-2021
• Energy Storage Installed Capacity by Technology, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Installed Revenue by ESS for Ancillary Services Technology, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Cumulative Capacity Forecast by ESS for Ancillary Services Application, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Installed Technology by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Installed Revenue by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• ESS Market Segmentation
• ISOs and RTOs in North America
• Pike Research’s Current Approach to Analyzing the Ancillary Services Market
• U.S. Renewable Portfolio Standards
• The European Grid’s Five Synchronous Areas: 2009
• Technical Comparison of Primary Frequency Control, Parameters in Various Systems: 2007
• Technical Comparison of Secondary Frequency Control, Parameters in Various Markets: 2007
• Primary Production of Renewable Energies in Europe
• Japan’s Solar PV Plan
• Commercial Flywheel Performance
• Advanced Lead-Acid Battery Cycle Life Comparison to Other Advanced Batteries
• Schematic of Compressed Air Energy Storage
• Second-Generation CAES Design
• Core CAES Application: Renewable Energy Time Shift: 2009
• Intrinsic Value of Classic Bulk Storage
• Intrinsic Value of Classic Bulk Storage – Enhanced with CAES Flexibility
• Schematic of Pumped Storage
• Planned Pumped Storage Facilities in the United States
• Integrating Wind With Pumped Storage Shaping Wind Variability
• Schematic of Sodium-Sulfur Battery Technology
• Core NaS Application: Conventional Energy Time Shifting or Peak Shaving

List of Tables

• Summary of Ancillary Services Forecasted
• Select System or Grid Operators and Corresponding Ancillary Services
• Summary of Select Ancillary Service Markets and Characteristics
• Summary of Key Markets and Drivers and Market Characteristics, Select Countries
• Summary of Market Structures, ISO Versus Vertically Integrated Markets
• Federal Energy Storage Funding Opportunities
• AB 2514 Implementation Timeline
• Transition Challenges in the Power Sector for Central European Countries: 2006
• New and Renewable Energy (NRE) Feed-In Tariff Scheme, Korea: 2010
• Electricity Production, by Fuel Type, Canada: 2008
• Share of Renewable Energy in Gross Final Energy Consumption: 2006-2020
• Electricity Production, by Fuel Type, Japan: 2008
• Electricity Production, by Fuel Type, Korea: 2008
• Electricity Production, by Fuel Type, India: 2008
• Electricity Production, by Fuel Type, Middle East: 2008
• Electricity Production, by Fuel Type, Latin America: 2008
• Characteristics of Li-ion Battery Chemistries
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydrogen-Based Energy Storage
• Energy Storage Technologies Strengths and Weaknesses
• Storage Characteristics by Application and Technology
• Estimated Cost-Down for ESS for Ancillary Services Installations: 2011-2021
• Summary of Ancillary Services Forecasted
• Select System or Grid Operators and Corresponding Ancillary Services
• Summary of Select Ancillary Service Markets and Characteristics
• Summary of Key Markets and Drivers and Market Characteristics, Select Countries
• Summary of Market Structures, ISO versus Vertically Integrated Markets
• Federal Energy Storage Funding Opportunities
• AB 2514 Implementation Timeline
• Transition Challenges in the Power Sector for Central European Countries: 2006
• New and Renewable Energy (NRE) Feed-In Tariff Scheme, Korea
• Characteristics of Li-ion Battery Chemistries
• Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydrogen-Based Energy Storage
• ESG Technology Strengths and Weaknesses
• Storage Characteristics by Application and Technology
• Beacon Power SWOT Analysis
• Amber Kinetics SWOT Analysis
• Vycon SWOT Analysis
• Active Power SWOT Analysis
• GS Battery SWOT Analysis
• East Penn Manufacturing SWOT Analysis
• Panasonic SWOT Analysis
• Xtreme Power SWOT Analysis
• A123 Systems SWOT Analysis
• Altair Nanotechnologies SWOT Analysis
• Electrovaya SWOT Analysis
• International Battery SWOT Analysis
• Saft Batteries SWOT Analysis
• NGK Insulators SWOT Analysis
• Bright Energy Storage Technologies SWOT Analysis
• SustainX SWOT Analysis
• Hydrogenics SWOT Analysis
• Black & Veatch SWOT Analysis
• HDR SWOT Analysis
• MWH SWOT Analysis
• ABB SWOT Analysis
• AES Energy Storage SWOT Analysis
• NYSERDA SWOT Analysis
• Rubenius SWOT Analysis
• S&C Electric Company SWOT Analysis
• Annual Growth of New CAES by Region, World Markets: 2012-2021
• CAES New Installed Capacity by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• CAES Average Duration of Discharge by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• CAES Electricity Output by Region, New Capacity, World Markets: 2011-2021
• CAES Power Cost by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• CAES Energy Cost by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• CAES Total Installed System Revenue by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Annual Growth of New Pumped Storage by Region, World Markets: 2012-2021
• Pumped Storage Installed New Capacity by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Pumped Storage Average Duration of Discharge by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Pumped Storage Electricity Output by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Pumped Storage Power Cost by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Pumped Storage Energy Cost by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Pumped Storage Total Installed System Revenue by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Annual Growth of New NaS Batteries by Region, World Markets: 2012-2021
• NaS Battery Installed New Capacity by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• NaS Battery Average Duration of Discharge by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• NaS Battery Electricity Output by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• NaS Battery Power Cost by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• NaS Battery Energy Cost by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• NaS Battery Total Installed System Revenue by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Annual Growth of New Advanced Lead-Acid by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Advanced Lead-Acid Installed New Capacity by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Advanced Lead-Acid Average Duration of Discharge by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Advanced Lead-Acid Electricity Output by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Advanced Lead-Acid Power Cost by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Advanced Lead-Acid Energy Cost by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Advanced Lead-Acid Total Installed System Revenue by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Annual Growth of New Advanced Lithium Ion Batteries by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Advanced Lithium Ion Battery Installed New Capacity by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Advanced Lithium Ion Battery Average Duration of Discharge by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Advanced Lithium Ion Battery Electricity Output by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Advanced Lithium Ion Battery Power Cost by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Advanced Lithium Ion Battery Energy Cost by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Advanced Lithium Ion Battery Total Installed System Revenue by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Annual Growth of New Flywheel by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Flywheels Installed New Capacity by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Flywheel Average Duration of Discharge by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Flywheel Electricity Output by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Flywheel Power Cost by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Flywheel Energy Cost by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Flywheel Total Installed System Revenue by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Annual Growth of All Energy Storage Technologies Combined by Region, New Capacity, World Markets: 2011-2021
• All Energy Storage Technologies Installed New Capacity by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• All Energy Storage Technologies Electricity Output by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• All Energy Storage Technologies Total Installed System Revenue by Region, World Markets: 2011-2021
• All Energy Storage Technologies Installed Capacity by Technology, World Markets: 2011-2021
• All Energy Storage Technologies Total Installed System Revenue by Technology, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Frequency Regulation by Application, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Voltage Support by Application, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Short Duration Renewables Integration by Application, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Spinning Reserves by Application, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Electricity Supply Reserve Capacity by Application, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Load Following by Application, World Markets: 2011-2021
• Total Capacity by Application, World Markets: 2011-2021
• New Capacity Addition of All Energy Storage Technologies by Technology, North America: 2011-2021
• New Capacity Revenue of All Energy Storage Technologies by Technology, North America: 2011-2021
• New Capacity Addition of All Energy Storage Technologies by Technology, Western Europe: 2011-2021
• New Capacity Revenue of All Energy Storage Technologies by Technology, Western Europe: 2011-2021
• New Capacity Addition of All Energy Storage Technologies by Technology, Asia Pacific: 2011-2021
• New Capacity Revenue of All Energy Storage Technologies by Technology, Asia Pacific: 2011-2021
• New Capacity Addition of All Energy Storage Technologies by Technology, Middle East: 2011-2021
• New Capacity Revenue of All Energy Storage Technologies by Technology, Middle East: 2011-2021

Electric vehicles are being delivered by the thousands each month. The power delivery infrastructure that enables vehicles to charge at home, at the workplace, and in public spaces is simultaneously being rolled out. By 2017, Pike Research forecasts that more than 1.5 million locations to charge vehicles will be available in the United States, with a total of nearly 7.7 million locations worldwide. The Asia Pacific region will lead global EV charging equipment sales due to strong government incentives and directives in China, Japan, and Korea. Over the next several years, initial investments in public infrastructure from governments will give way to the private sector.

The “EV charging as a service” business model is growing as network operators look to provide electric vehicle supply equipment (EVSE) location and status information available on demand. These companies will integrate billing and aggregate power consumption to create new services that will help to stabilize grid operations and create new revenue streams. Pike Research anticipates that EVSE retail prices will fall by 37% through 2017 as competition from large electronics companies and volume production push down costs. As basic EVSE hardware becomes more of a commodity, manufacturers will integrate their equipment with external storage units, home energy management systems, and smart grid equipment to add value and increase their revenue.

This Pike Research report examines the growing global market for electric vehicle charging equipment and provides market analysis and forecasts for residential, workplace, public, and private charge points. The study also analyzes the key emerging sectors of direct current (DC) charging equipment and wireless EV charging stations. Key industry players are profiled and detailed charging equipment forecasts, segmented by world region and key countries, extend through 2017.

Key Questions Addressed:

• How many plug-in hybrid and all-electric vehicles will be sold through 2017?
• How many charging stations will be installed through 2017?
• What role will employers play in providing EV charging equipment?
• When will wireless charging equipment begin to appear on consumer vehicles?
• What are the business models for rapid DC charging?
• What communication standards are necessary to enable remote smart charging of vehicles?
• What are the primary business drivers for retailers to install EVSEs?

Who needs this report?

• Utilities
• Electric vehicle manufacturers
• Charging equipment manufacturers
• Employers
• Building managers
• Industry associations
• Government agencies
• Investor community

Table of Contents

1.     Executive Summary

1.1  Introductions

1.2  World Markets

1.3  Business Models

2.     Market Issues

2.1  PEV Market

2.1.1    Impact of New Model Introductions

2.1.2    PEV Premium Cost

2.1.3    Regional PEV Sales

2.2  Vehicle Charging

2.2.1    Onboard Charging Equipment

2.2.2    Commercial Infrastructure Locations

2.2.3    Residential Charging

2.2.3.1    Residential Upgrade Requirements

2.2.3.2    New Construction

2.2.3.3    Underwriters Lab Certification

2.2.3.4    Cost

2.2.3.5    Permits

2.3  Commercial Charging Equipment

2.3.1    Public Charging

2.3.1.1    Private Charging Stations

2.3.1.2    Workplace Charging

2.4  Regional EVSE Deployments

2.4.1    North America

2.4.2    Europe

2.4.2.1    Market Segmentation

2.4.2.2    Utility Involvement

2.4.2.3    Business Models

2.4.3    Asia

2.4.3.1    Japan

2.4.3.1.1.  Charger Deployment Plans in Japan

2.4.3.2    Korea

2.4.3.2.1.  Charger Deployment Plans in Korea

2.4.3.3    China

2.4.3.3.1.  Charger Deployment Plans and Standards in China

2.5  DC Charging

2.5.1    Charge Rates

2.5.2    Equipment Placement

2.5.3    Cost

2.5.4    Grid Impact

2.5.5    Customer Demand

2.5.6    Business Model

2.5.7    CHAdeMO

2.5.7.1    Automaker Support

2.5.7.2    EVSE Vendor Support

2.6  Wireless Charging

2.6.1    Stage of Commercialization

2.6.1.1    Field Trials

2.6.2    Cost

2.6.3    Standards

2.6.4    Road-Embedded Charging Equipment

2.7  Battery Swapping Stations

3.     Marketing and Commercialization

3.1  EV Charging Economics

3.2  EV Charging Rates

3.3  Car Charging Networks

3.4  Multi-Family Dwellings

3.5  Smart Charging

3.5.1    Residential

3.5.1.1    Remote EV Charging Management

3.5.1.2    Interaction/Competition from PEV Telematics

3.5.1.3    Integration with Home Energy Management Systems

3.5.2    Commercial Charging Equipment

3.5.2.1    Integration with Solar

3.5.2.2    Smart Grid Integration

3.5.2.3    V2G

3.5.2.4    Ancillary Services

3.5.2.5    Vehicle to Building

3.6  Implementation Issues

3.6.1    Charging Control Device Conflict

3.6.2    Multiple Charging Networks and Billing Systems

3.6.3    Regulatory Restrictions

3.6.4    Impact on Utilities

3.6.4.1    Generation Capacity

3.6.4.2    Impact on Distribution

3.6.4.2.1.  DC Charging Impact

3.6.4.3    Neighborhood Impact

3.6.4.4    Impact on Utility Equipment

4.     Demand Drivers

4.1  International Government Financial Support

4.2  U.S.  Incentives

4.2.1    Stimulus Spending

4.2.2    Tax Credits

4.2.3    State Incentives

4.3  Transportation Fuel Savings

4.4  Carbon Emissions and Air Quality

4.5  Cities Desire to Be Green

4.6  Energy Security and Jobs

4.7  Smart Grid

4.8  Utility PEV Programs

5.     Technology Issues

5.1  Equipment Connection Standards

5.2  Safety Standards

5.3  AC Connectors

5.3.1    SAE

5.3.2    Europe

5.3.3    Japan

5.3.4    China

5.3.5    DC Connectors

5.3.5.1    CHAdeMO

5.3.5.2    SAE

5.3.5.3    IEC

5.3.6    Combo Connectors

5.3.7    Communications Standards

5.3.7.1    Energy Transfer Standard

5.3.7.2    Messaging Standard

5.4  Impact on Batteries

5.4.1    Impact on the Grid

5.5  Wireless Charging

5.5.1    Charging Efficiency

5.5.2    Standards

6.     Key Industry Players

6.1  EVSE Manufacturers and Service Companies

6.1.1    350Green

6.1.2    AeroVironment Inc.

6.1.3    Aker Wade Power Technologies

6.1.4    Better Place

6.1.5    ClipperCreek

6.1.6    Coulomb Technologies Inc.

6.1.7    Delphi Automotive LLP

6.1.8    Eaton Corporation

6.1.9    ECOtality

6.1.10    Elektromotive Ltd.

6.1.11  Eltek Valere

6.1.12  Epyon Power

6.1.13  Evatran (Plugless Power)

6.1.14  General Electric

6.1.15  Gridtest Systems

6.1.16  HaloIPT

6.1.17  Leviton Manufacturing Co. Ltd.

6.1.18  Magna International

6.1.19  Schneider Electric

6.1.20  Siemens AG

6.1.21  WiTricity Corporation

6.2  Utilities Offering EVSE and Charging Services

6.2.1    Endesa S.A.

6.2.2    NRG Energy

6.2.3    PowerStream

6.3  Automotive OEMs

6.3.1    Ford

6.3.2    Mitsubishi

6.4  EVSE-Related Companies

6.4.1    IBM

6.4.2    PJM

6.5  SAE International

6.6  Silver Spring Networks

7.     Market Forecasts

7.1  Global EV Charging Equipment Sales

7.1.1    Residential Charging

7.1.2    Workplace Charging

7.1.3    Public Charging

7.1.4    Private Charging

7.2  North America

7.2.1    Western Europe

7.2.2    Asia Pacific

7.3  Rapid DC Charging

7.4  Wireless Charging

8.     Company Directory
9.     Acronym and Abbreviation List
10.   Table of Contents
11.   Table of Charts and Figures
12.   Scope of Study, Sources and Methodology, Notes

List of Charts and Figures

• Total EV Charging Station Unit Sales by Region, World Markets:  2011-2017
• EVSE Market Segmentation, World Markets: 2015
• Cumulative Light Duty Plug-in Electric Vehicle Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Annual Total Light Duty PEV Sales, World Markets: 2011-2017
• EVSE Market Segmentation, World Markets: 2015
• EV IT Management Systems Revenue by Region, World Markets: 2011-2015
• Total EV Charging Station Unit Sales by Region, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Total EV Charging Station Revenue by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Residential Charging Equipment Sales by Region, World Markets:  2011-2017
• Workplace Charging Equipment Unit Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• EVSE Sales by Segment, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Private Charging Equipment Unit Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• EVSE Unit Sales, North America: 2011-2017
• EVSE Unit Sales, Western Europe: 2011-2017
• EVSE Unit Sales, Asia Pacific: 2011-2017
• DC Charging Equipment Shipments by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Wireless EV Charging Station Units by Region, World Markets: 2013-2017
• Residential Access to Charge Spots
• Embedded Wireless Charging
• Comparison of Energy Cost per Mile between Electric and Gas Vehicles
• J1772 Connector
• Mennekes Connector
• CHAdeMO Connector
• DC Charging Management
• EV Standard Charging Rates

List of Tables

• Vehicle Roadmap for Plug-in Hybrid and Electric Passenger Vehicles
• European Public EVSE Installation Projects
• EV IT Management Systems Revenue by Region, World Markets: 2011-2015
• Annual Total Light Duty PHEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Annual Total Light Duty BEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Annual Total Light Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Cumulative Light Duty PEV Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Total EV Charging Station Unit Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Cumulative EVSE Unit Sales by Region, World Markets:  011-2017
• Residential Charging Equipment Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Workplace Charging Equipment Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Public Charging Equipment Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Private Charging Equipment Unit Sales by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• EVSE Sales by Segment, World Markets: 2011-2017
• EV Charging Equipment Revenue by Region, World Markets:  2011-2017
• DC Charging Equipment Shipments by Region, World Markets: 2011-2017
• Wireless Electric Vehicle Charging Stations by Region, World Markets: 2013-2017
• Revenue from Wireless Charging Systems for Electric Vehicles by Region, World Markets: 2013-2017
• Plug-in Electric Vehicle Sales by State, United States: 2011-2017
• Cumulative Plug-in Electric Vehicle Sales by State, United States: 2011-2017
• EVSE Unit Sales by State, United States: 2011-2017